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Plated contacts for solar cells with superior adhesion strength to screen printed solar cells

R. CHEN,S. WANG,A. WENHAM,Z. SHI,T. YOUNG,J. JI,M. EDWARDS,A. SUGIANTO,L. MAI,S. WENHAM,C. CHONG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第1期页码 72-77 doi: 10.1007/s11708-016-0428-4

摘要： The improvement of adhesion strength and durability of plated contacts is required for cell manufacturers to gain confidence for large-scale manufacturing. To overcome weak adhesion at the metal/Si interface, new approaches were developed. These involve the formation of laser-ablated anchor points, or grooves in the extreme case of overlapping anchor points, in the heavily doped silicon surface. When plated, these features greatly strengthen the mechanical adhesion strength of the metal. A stylus-based adhesion tester was developed specifically for evaluating the effectiveness of plated contacts to smooth silicon surfaces. The use of such a tester was also extended in this work to textured and roughened surfaces to allow evaluation of different metal contacting approaches. The adhesion strengths for various metal contacting schemes were evaluated, including screen-printed silver contacts, nickel/copper (Ni/Cu) light-induced plated (LIP) contacts for laser-doped selective emitter (LDSE) cells, buried-contact solar cells (BCSCs), and Ni/Cu LIP contacts formed with laser-ablated anchoring points in selective emitter (LAASE) cells. The latter has superior adhesion strength. The standard “peel test” of the industry was compared to the stylus-based adhesion testing, with the latter shown value for testing metal contacts on smooth surfaces but with caution needed for use with textured or roughened surfaces.

关键词： light-induced plating metal adhesion strength copper plating metal contacts solar cell durability silicon solar cells

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The first avian influenza A (H7N9) viral infection in humans in Zhejiang Province, China: a death report

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第3期页码 333-344 doi: 10.1007/s11684-013-0275-1

摘要：

This study reports the first death caused by a novel avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in Zhejiang Province, China. The patient had chronic hepatitis B and history of exposure to poultry. The patient initially complained of diarrhea and influenza-like symptoms on March 7 and 14 respectively. The disease progressed to severe pneumonia, sustained hypoxia, and coagulation abnormalities. The patient died on March 27 because of respiratory failure, multiple organ failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation without oseltamivir treatment. This H7N9 virus from Zhejiang is highly similar to isolates obtained from Shanghai, Jiangsu, Anhui, etc. Analysis of hemagglutinin, neuramidinase, and matrix genes indicated that the isolates share the same avian origin, have low virulence, and are sensitive to oseltamivir, but are resistant to adamantine. Only the isolate that caused the fatality exhibited substitution of Q226I in the HA gene, which indicates a potentially enhanced human affinity. The secondary transmission rate was 1.6% (2/125). Only two health workers presented with influenza-like symptoms, and they subsequently tested negative for H7N9 RNA. In conclusion, underlying disease, late diagnosis, and untimely antiviral treatment are possible high-risk factors for infections and death caused by the low-pathogenicity avian influenza A (H7N9). Person-to-person transmission of the H7N9 virus was not detected among close contacts, but such transmission should be investigated in the future. Expanding and enhancing surveillance will help in the early discovery and diagnosis of suspected cases, which will reduce the number of severe cases and deaths.

关键词： avian influenza A (H7N9) virus epidemiology contacts person-to-person transmission

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新冠病毒肺炎患者医学观察和救治集中隔离场所——感染风险最小化管控的中国武汉经验 Article

王先良, 王姣, 沈瑾, John S. Ji, 潘力军, 刘航, 赵康峰, 李莉, 应波, 樊琳, 张流波, 王林, 施小明

《工程（英文）》 2021年第7卷第7期页码 908-913 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.03.010

摘要：

新冠病毒肺炎（COVID-19）疫情大流行给整个医疗系统带来沉重的负担，同时暴露出医疗系统对医疗资源和物理空间的极大需求，但是目前很少有研究探讨医疗资源和物理空间的高效利用。因此，本研究旨在总结中国在新冠病毒肺炎疫情期间用于医学观察和救治的集中隔离场所的经验，以期为进一步提升对确诊病例、疑似病例和密切接触者的管理水平提供建议。通过对三种类型的集中隔离场所（方舱医院、非定点医院和隔离宾馆）进行改建，对确诊和疑似病例进行了治疗和隔离。这些场所减轻了即时空间需求。此外，为了减小这些场所内的感染风险，监管机构和政府机构实施了新的设计、管理和预防措施，以最大限度减少感染风险。其他国家和地区可以借鉴中国武汉的实践经验，通过对社会资源进行优化配置来应对COVID-19疫情大流行。总之，为了应急响应，政府应该统筹分配社会资源，建设集中隔离场所；卫生机构应该发布集中隔离场所规定，对这些场所的日常管理予以高度重视；需要组建一支跨领域管理团队以支持集中隔离场所的日常运营；鼓励集中隔离政策的深入研究和国际合作。

关键词：集中隔离风险控制传染病患者密切接触者新冠病毒肺炎