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Synchronous observation of rising soluble bubble through quiescent solution

Yifu ZHANG , Shuai TIAN , Weizhong LI , Yongchen SONG ,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第3期页码 307-312 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0028-7

摘要： An experimental method using computer image processing technology (CIPT) was proposed to observe and investigate the velocity, deformation, heat and mass transfer, etc. of a rising soluble gas (CO) bubble through a quiescent hot water. A model was set up to describe the behavior of the bubble in a visual experimental system in which a high-speed camera rose instantaneously with the movement of the bubble. A series of trajectory videos about the bubble were recorded by a computer linked to the camera. The trajectory, volume changes and rate of mass transfer of the bubble were obtained by the CIPT. It is found that the single bubble follows a rolling trajectory at the initial stage when there is mass transfer. With the volume decreasing, the disturbed behavior of the bubble becomes tempered. When the rising velocity of the bubble reaches the maximum, the velocity is nearly at a constant. The experimental and analysis results show that this method is useful for the research on the mass transfer and the movement of rising bubbles in liquid.

关键词： soluble bubble mass transfer synchronous observation computer image processing

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海洋科学装备研究进展与发展建议

宋宪仓,杜君峰,王树青,李华军

《中国工程科学》 2020年第22卷第6期页码 76-83 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2020.06.010

摘要：

海洋科学装备是知海、用海、护海的重要基础。本文从深入认知海洋、合理利用海洋、积极保护海洋、有效管控海洋四方面对我国海洋科学装备的需求进行了剖析，系统梳理了世界海洋强国在海气界面观测装备、水下移动式观测装备、海底观测网络系统等海洋科学观测平台领域的发展现状，总结了未来海洋科学装备的发展趋势；阐述了我国在海洋遥感卫星、海洋科考船、海洋深潜器、海底观测网络等海洋科学装备领域取得的进展，对标国际先进水平分析了通用技术、核心装备、集成系统等方面存在的差距与不足。研究提出了适合国情的发展建议，包括基础理论研究和关键技术突破、新型海洋科学装备研发和成果转换、海洋科学装备共享机制和综合服务平台、国际合作机制和标准体系建立，以期为海洋科学装备更好服务于国家海洋强国战略实施提供方向参考。

关键词：海洋科学装备深海观测平台海气界面观测水下移动式观测海底观测网络装备研发

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General modeling and optimization technique for real-world earth observation satellite scheduling

《工程管理前沿（英文）》页码 695-709 doi: 10.1007/s42524-023-0263-3

摘要： Over the last two decades, many modeling and optimization techniques have been developed for earth observation satellite (EOS) scheduling problems, but few of them show good generality to be engineered in real-world applications. This study proposes a general modeling and optimization technique for common and real-world EOS scheduling cases; it includes a decoupled framework, a general modeling method, and an easy-to-use algorithm library. In this technique, a framework that decouples the modeling, constraints, and optimization of EOS scheduling problems is built. With this framework, the EOS scheduling problems are appropriately modeled in a general manner, where the executable opportunity, another format of the well-known visible time window per EOS operation, is viewed as a selectable resource to be optimized. On this basis, 10 types of optimization algorithms, such as Tabu search and genetic algorithm, and a parallel competitive memetic algorithm, are developed. For simplified EOS scheduling problems, the proposed technique shows better performance in applicability and effectiveness than the state-of-the-art algorithms. In addition, a complicatedly constrained real-world benchmark exampled by a four-EOS Chinese commercial constellation is provided, and the technique is qualified and outperforms the in-use scheduling system by more than 50%.

关键词： earth observation satellite scheduling general technique optimization algorithm commercial constellation real-world benchmark

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Observation of black carbon aerosol in Beijing, 2003

LOU Shujuan, MAO Jietai, WANG Meihua

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2007年第1卷第3期页码 345-349 doi: 10.1007/s11783-007-0059-4

摘要： The objective of this study was to determine the black carbon concentration in Beijing in 2003. The aerosol properties were measured using an Aethalometer and a tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) on the roof of the Physics Building of Peking University (39.99º N, 116.31º E) from July to August 2003 and from November 2003 to January 2004. The average black carbon (BC) concentrations in the summer and winter were 8.80 and 11.4 μg/m, respectively. During winter, two different cyclone cut offs were installed at the inlet of an aethalometer. The BC mass concentration in TSP, PM, and PM were obtained. The results indicated that in winter aerosol, 90% of BC exited in PM and 82.6% of BC exited in PM. The BC in PM accounted for 5.11% of the PM mass.

关键词： carbon concentration Beijing tapered element August aethalometer

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大气探测系统设计和工程建设

郑国光

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第6期页码 21-26

摘要：

文章分析了我国大气探测业务现状和大气探测技术发展趋势，阐述了我国大气探测系统设计和工程建设的基本思路和目标，介绍了即将开始建设的国家大中型建设项目——大气监测自动化系统的总体结构和建设的主要内容。文章也是对大气科学的工程化建设一文^[1]的进一步阐述。

关键词：大气探测监测自动化工程设计与建设

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促进国家对地观测体系顺利发展的思考

郭建宁

《中国工程科学》 2006年第8卷第10期页码 47-53

摘要：

介绍了我国对地观测体系已经开展的工作；提出了改进遥感数据质量是基础，扩大数据共享是关键，开展典型应用为国民经济服务是目的的发展战略。

关键词：卫星应用遥感对地观测体系数据共享

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海洋水下立体观测技术装备发展研究

马蕊,赵修涛,柳存根

《中国工程科学》 2020年第22卷第6期页码 19-25 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2020.06.003

摘要：

建立水下立体观测网来获得科学、实时、全面的数据，是未来认识、开发、利用海洋的重要方向。本文分析了发展海洋水下立体观测技术装备的需求和必要性，对比了国内外相关装备的发展现状，进一步剖析我国领域发展面临的问题，研判作为海洋水下观测关键环节的传感器技术进展点。研究认为，我国海洋观测平台技术有了很大进步，但在海洋关键传感器、高精度传感器方面依然落后于世界先进水平；海洋观测的大数据与实际需求之间有所脱节，海洋传感器缺乏改进平台支撑。研究提出了支持海洋关键传感器研究成果高效转化、统筹管理国家海洋水下立体观测技术装备、建立海上仪器装备国家公共试验平台等对策建议，以期为相关领域中长期发展提供方向参照。

关键词：海洋观测海底观测网水下移动观测平台水下传感器

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中国极地大气科学观测工程

陆龙骅,卞林根

《中国工程科学》 2012年第14卷第9期页码 72-84

摘要：

极地位于地球南北两端，是全球变化研究的关键地区，要了解全球变化，特别是全球气候变化，必须对极地有所研究。我国的南极和北极实地科学考察研究，分别始于20世纪80年代和90年代。作为国家行为，到2011年年底，组织了28次南极考察、4次北冰洋考察和8次北极陆地考察；在南北极建立了4个科学考察站，6个自动气象站；形成了以有人考察站、无人自动气象站和“雪龙”号破冰科学考察船为主体的极地科学考察研究硬件支撑体系。在此过程中初步建成了包括常规气象业务、准业务和短期考察在内的中国极地大气科学观测工程体系；该技术系统所获科学数据已在我国极地科学研究中广泛应用，并在国内外产生了重大影响。

关键词：南极北极大气科学观测工程

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biochar and earthworm interactively affected CO and NO emissions in agricultural and forest soils: Observation

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第3期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-021-1473-8

摘要：

• Earthworms increase CO₂ and N₂O emissions in agricultural and forest soil.

关键词： Carbon sequestration Forest soil Cattle manure biochar Greenhouse gas emissions Soil fauna

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空间对地观测技术发展及应用

周志鑫,吴志刚,季艳

《中国工程科学》 2008年第10卷第6期页码 28-32

摘要：

介绍了对地观测技术的国外发展情况，从国家安全的角度分析了对地观测技术的发展趋势；接着结合国内对地观测技术发展现状，分析了我国对地观测系统发展存在的差距，从对地观测对国家安全的重要作用出发提出了启示和建议。对地观测系统可以满足面向各种应用的对陆地、海洋、大气等各个层面的全方位、立体观测信息需求，在维护国家安全、促进经济建设和推动技术发展等诸多方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。

关键词：对地观测国家安全空间信息

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The abundance, characteristics and diversity of microplastics in the South China Sea: Observation around

Hongzhe Chen , Sumin Wang , Huige Guo , Yunlong Huo , Hui Lin , Yuanbiao Zhang

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第1期页码 9-9 doi: 10.1007/s11783-021-1443-1

摘要： Surrounded by emerging markets with considerable plastic consumption, the South China Sea has been a focus area of microplastic research. A survey on the floating microplastics (>0.3 mm) and microplastics ingested by fish and mollusks was conducted around three remote islands here. Compared with the results from several previous studies, a high abundance of floating microplastics (with a median of 1.9 × 105 items/km2 or 0.7 items/m3) was observed, revealing another “hot spot” for microplastics. Polyolefin, especially polypropylene, was the main component. The diversity index and evenness index were calculated and evaluated based on the composition of microplastics. The characteristic peaks of Raman spectra concerning pigmented microplastics were provided. Transparent sheets/films were predominant in the water sample, which was quite different from a similar study in this sea area (8.9% for film), and only 16.4% of floating microplastics (>0.3 mm) were fibers/lines, implying that the main sources of floating microplastics (>0.3 mm) might be household/agricultural consumption activities. The transparent fiber/line was also dominant in organisms. It is suggested that the main sources of microplastics ingested by organisms might be both fabric fibers and fishing/aquaculture.

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Clinical characteristics in lymphangioleiomyomatosis-related pulmonary hypertension: an observation on

Xiuxiu Wu, Wenshuai Xu, Jun Wang, Xinlun Tian, Zhuang Tian, Kaifeng Xu

《医学前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第2期页码 259-266 doi: 10.1007/s11684-018-0634-z

摘要： Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare diffuse cystic lung disease. Knowledge on LAM-related pulmonary hypertension (PH) is limited. This study aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics of LAM with elevated pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and evaluate the potential efficacy of sirolimus. The study involved 50 LAM patients who underwent echocardiography. According to the tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV), these patients were divided into the TRV≤2.8 m/s group and TRV>2.8 m/s group. Both groups comprised 25 females with an average age of 38.6±8.1 and 41.5±8.9 years. In the TRV>2.8 m/s group, the estimated systolic PAP (SPAP) was significantly elevated (52.08±12.45 mmHg vs. 30.24±5.25mmHg, <0.01). Linear analysis showed that SPAP was correlated with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV ), diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide, alveolar arterial oxygen gradient (P O ), and 6 min walking distance ( = −0.392, −0.351, 0.450, and −0.591, respectively; <0.05), in which P O was a risk factor for SPAP elevation ( = 0.064, OR= 1.066, <0.05). Moreover, in 10 patients who received sirolimus therapy, SPAP decreased from 57.0±12.6 mmHg to 35.2±11.1 mmHg. The study showed that LAM patients with PH exhibit poor pulmonary function and hypoxemia and may benefit from sirolimus treatment.

关键词： lymphangioleiomyomatosis pulmonary hypertension pulmonary function hypoxemia sirolimus

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水下观测信息体系发展思考

石绥祥,李占斌,华彦宁,程义远,刘丰

《中国工程科学》 2016年第18卷第2期页码 61-65 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2016.02.007a

摘要：

推进水下观测信息体系建设是海洋国防安全、海上维权、海洋防灾工作的迫切需求，是军民融合发展的内在要求。本文介绍了国内外水下观测信息体系发展现状及趋势，分析了我国水下观测信息体系发展过程中面临的问题，提出了水下观测信息体系发展的目标、重点工程和政策建议。

关键词：水下观测信息系统重点工程政策建议

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中国对地观测技术发展现状及未来发展的若干思考

姜景山

《中国工程科学》 2006年第8卷第11期页码 19-24

摘要：

空间对地观测及应用是发展航天技术的核心使命之一。至今为止，国际上已发射了几千颗航天器。其中，对地观测卫星占有重要分量，是为经济发展、国家安全及环境、能源等领域的需求直接带来效益的、不可替代的航天技术领域。几十年的发展表明，国际上把对地观测技术作为重中之重技术发展。我国对地观测技术是上世纪70年代初开始，至今已走过四个发展阶段，已成为谱段齐全、数据获取技术有了较大发展、应用领域不断拓展、有较深入的基础研究及处理方法的初具规模的技术科学体系，几十年来在国民经济发展、国家安全建设中已发挥了重要作用。在我国中长期科技发展规划中，有多项相关对地观测的重大事项和研究项目。我国对地观测将以需求牵引、技术驱动，面向国际前沿，力争在对地观测领域跻身国际先进行列。

关键词：中国航天卫星对地观测技术遥感信息处理

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立足数据共享促进国家对地观测数据中心顺利建设

郭建宁,陆书宁,赵祥

《中国工程科学》 2008年第10卷第6期页码 70-75

摘要：

文章分析了国外对地观测数据处理中心的发展趋势，指出了我国对地观测数据管理中存在的问题与差距，提出了我国对地观测数据中心的建设方案：建立数据处理中心并提供深层次服务；建立数据共享机制，促进数据共享与服务；资源优化与整合。为了促进陆地观测数据共享与应用，必须建立国家陆地观测数据中心，建立的数据中心包括数据处理、归档、分发与服务。国家对地观测数据中心必将改善对地观测数据共享与应用，满足对地观测数据的需求。

关键词：遥感卫星对地观测数据共享数据中心