[ 1 ] Duke SO. Why have no new herbicides modes of action appeared in recent years? Pest Manage Sci 2012;68(4):505–12. link1

[ 2 ] Heap I. The international survey of herbicide resistant weeds [Internet]. WeedScience; c1993–2020 [cited 2019 Nov 25]. Available from: www. weedscience.org. link1

[ 3 ] Copping L. The evolution of crop protection companies. Outlooks Pest Manage 2018;29(1):25–7. link1

[ 4 ] Lee DL, Prisbylla MP, Cromartie TH, Dagarin DP, Howard SW, Provan WM, et al. The discovery and structural requirements of inhibitors of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase. Weed Sci 1997;45:601–9. link1

[ 5 ] Dayan FE, Duke SO, Sauldubois A, Singh N, McCurdy C, Cantrell CL. pHydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase is a herbicidal target site for b-triketones from Leptospermum scoparium. Phytochemistry 2007;68(14):2004–14. link1

[ 6 ] Dayan FE, Duke SO. Natural compounds as next generation herbicides. Plant Physiol 2014;166(3):1090–105. link1

[ 7 ] Duke SO, Baerson SR, Gressel J. Genomics and weeds: a synthesis. In: Stewart CN, editor. Weed and invasive plant genomics. Ames: Blackwell Publishing; 2009. p. 221–47. link1

[ 8 ] Yan Y, Liu Q, Zang X, Yuan S, Bat-Erdene U, Nguyen C, et al. Resistance-genedirected discovery of a natural-product herbicide with a new mode of action. Nature 2018;559(7714):415–8. link1

[ 9 ] Cundliffe E. How antibiotic-producing organisms avoid suicide. Annu Rev Microbiol 1989;43(1):207–33. link1

[10] Duke SO, Stidham MA, Dayan FE. A novel genomic approach to herbicide and herbicide mode of action discovery. Pest Manage Sci 2019;75(2):314–7. link1

[11] Dayan FE, Duke SO. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicides. In: Haye’s handbook of pesticide toxicology. San Diego: Academic Press; 2010. p. 1733–51. link1

[12] Tan S, Evans R, Singh B. Herbicidal inhibitors of amino acid biosynthesis and herbicide-tolerant crops. Amino Acids 2006;30(2):195–204. link1

[13] Amorim Franco TM, Blanchard JS. Bacterial branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis: structures, mechanisms, and drugability. Biochemistry 2017;56 (44):5849–65. link1

[14] Wittenbach VA, Abell LM. Inhibitors of valine, leucine, and isoleucine synthesis. In: Singh BK, editor. Plant amino acids: biochemistry and biotechnology. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1999. p. 385–416. link1

[15] Zhou Q, Liu W, Zhang Y, Liu KK. Action mechanisms of acetolactate synthaseinhibiting herbicides. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2007;89(2):89–96. link1

[16] Shaner DL, Singh BK. Phytotoxicity of acetohydroxyacid synthase inhibitors is not due to accumulation of 2-ketobutyrate and/or 2-aminobutyrate. Plant Physiol 1993;103(4):1221–6. link1

[17] Orcaray L, Igal M, Marino D, Zabalza A, Royuela M. The possible role of quinate in the mode of action of glyphosate and acetolactate synthase inhibitors. Pest Manage Sci 2010;66(3):262–9. link1

[18] Abbas HK, Tanaka T, Duke SO, Porter JK, Wray EM, Hodges L, et al. Fumonisinand AAL-toxin-induced disruption of sphingolipid metabolism with accumulation of free sphingoid bases. Plant Physiol 1994;106(3):1085–93. link1

[19] Tanaka T, Abbas HK, Duke SO. Structure-dependent phytotoxicity of fumonisins and related compounds in a duckweed bioassay. Phytochemistry 1993;33(4):779–85. link1

[20] Lynch DV, Dunn TM. An introduction to plant sphingolipids and are review of recent advances in understanding their metabolism and function. New Phytol 2004;161(3):677–702. link1

[21] Abbas HK, Duke SO, Shier WT, Duke MV. Inhibition of ceramide synthesis in plants by phytotoxins. In: Upadhyay RK, editor. Advances in microbial toxin research and its biotechnological exploitation. Boston: Springer; 2002. p. 211–29. link1

[22] Wang H, Li J, Bostock RM, Gilchrist DG. Apoptosis: a functional paradigm for programmed plant cell death induced by a host-selective phytotoxin and invoked during development. Plant Cell 1996;8(3):375–91. link1

[23] Foyer CH, Noctor G. Oxidant and antioxidant signaling on plants: a reevaluation of the concept of oxidative stress in a physiological context. Plant Cell Environ 2005;28(8):1056–71. link1

[24] Bernard SM, Habash DZ. The importance of cytosolic glutamine synthetase in nitrogen assimilation and recycling. New Phytol 2009;182(3):608–20. link1

[25] McNally SF, Hirel B, Gadal P, Mann AF, Stewart GR. Glutamine synthetases of higher plants: evidence for a specific isoform content related to their possible physiological role and their compartmentation within the leaf. Plant Physiol 1983;72(1):22–5. link1

[26] Edwards JW, Walker EL, Coruzzi GM. Cell-specific expression in transgenic plants reveals nonoverlapping roles for chloroplast and cytosolic glutamine synthetase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87(9):3459–63. link1

[27] Kamachi K, Yamaya T, Hayakawa T, Mae T, Ojima K. Vascular bundle-specific localization of cytosolic glutamine synthetase in rice leaves. Plant Physiol 1992;99(4):1481–6. link1

[28] Takano HK, Beffa R, Preston C, Westra P, Dayan FE. Reactive oxygen species trigger the fast action of glufosinate. Planta 2019;249(6):1837–49. link1

[29] Johansson L, Larsson CM. Relationship between inhibition of CO2 fixation and glutamine synthetase inactivation in Lemna gibba L. treated with L-methionine-D,L-sulphoximine (MSO). J Exp Bot 1986;37(2):221–9. link1

[30] Lu Y, Li Y, Yang Q, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Zhang S, et al. Suppression of glycolate oxidase causes glyoxylate accumulation that inhibits photosynthesis through deactivating Rubisco in rice. Physiol Plant 2014;150(3):463–76. link1

[31] Duke SO. The history and current status of glyphosate. Pest Manage Sci 2018;74(5):1027–34. link1

[32] Duke SO, Baerson SR, Rimando AM. Herbicides: glyphosate. In: Plimmer JR, editor. Encyclopedia of agrochemicals. Hobokena: John Wiley & Sons; 2003. link1

[33] Bentley R, Haslam E. The shikimate pathway—a metabolic tree with many branches. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 1990;25(5):307–84. link1

[34] Shaner DL, Nadler-Hassar T, Henry WB, Koger CH. A rapid in vivo shikimate accumulation assay with excised leaf discs. Weed Sci 2005;53(6): 769–74. link1

[35] Zulet A, Zabalza A, Royuela M. Phytotoxic and metabolic effects of exogenous quinate on Pisum sativum L. J Plant Growth Regul 2013;32(4):779–88. link1

[36] Zabalza A, Orcaray L, Fernández-Escalada M, Zulet-González A, Royuela M. The pattern of shikimate pathway and phenylpropanoids after inhibition by glyphosate or quinate feeding in pea roots. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2017;141:96–102. link1

[37] Ghosh S, Chisti Y, Banerjee UC. Production of shikimic acid. Biotechnol Adv 2012;30(6):1425–31. link1

[38] Enrich LB, Scheuermann ML, Mohadjer A, Matthias KR, Eller CF, Newman MS, et al. Liquidamber styraciflua: a renewable source of shikimic acid. Tetrahedron Lett 2008;49(16):2503–5. link1

[39] Council of Europe. European pharmacopedia. 3rd ed. Strabourg: Council of Europe; 1997. link1

[40] Duke SO, Rimando AM, Duke MV, Paul RN, Ferreira JFS, Smeda RJ. Sequestration of phytotoxins by plants: implications for biosynthetic production. In: Cutler HG, Cutler SJ, editors. Biologically active natural products: agrochemicals. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1999. p. 127–36. link1

[41] Cornish-Brown A. Why is uncompetitive inhibition so rare? A possible explanation, with implications for the design of drugs and pesticides. FEBS Lett 1986;203:25–37. link1

[42] Jessing K, Duke SO, Cedergreeen N. Potential ecological roles of artemisinin produced by Artemisia anna L. J Chem Ecol 2014;40(2):100–17. link1

[43] Vaughn SF. Glucosinolates as natural pesticides. In: Cutler HG, Cutler SJ, editors. Biologically active natural products: agrochemicals. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1999. p. 81–91. link1

[44] Dayan FE, Rimando AM, Pan Z, Baerson SR, Gimsing AL, Duke SO. Sorgoleone. Phytochemistry 2010;71(10):1032–9. link1

[45] Díaz-Tielas C, Graña E, Maffei ME, Reigosa MJ, Sánchez-Moreiras AM. Plasma membrane depolarization precedes photosynthesis damage and long-term leaf bleaching in (E)-chalcone-treated Arabidopsis shoots. J Plant Physiol 2017;218:56–65. link1

[46] Lydon J, Duke SO. Glyphosate induction of elevated levels of hydroxybenzoic acids in higher plants. J Agric Food Chem 1988;36(4):813–8. link1

[47] Reigosa MJ, Pazos-Malvido E. Phytotoxic effects of 21 plant secondary metabolites on Arabidopsis thialiana germination and root growth. J Chem Ecol 2007;33(7):1456–66. link1

[48] Feller U, Anders I, Mae T. Rubiscolytics: fate of Rubisco after its enzymatic function in a cell is terminated. J Exp Bot 2007;59(7):1615–24. link1

[49] Barbeau WE, Kinsella JE. Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) from green leaves-potential as a food protein. Food Rev Int 1988;4 (1):93–127. link1

[50] Berry JA, Lorimer GH, Pierce J, Seemann JR, Meek J, Freas S. Isolation, identification, and synthesis of 2-carboxyarabinitol 1-phosphate, a diurnal regulator of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987;84(3):734–8. link1

[51] Usuda H, Edwards GE. Inhibition of photosynthetic carbon metabolism in isolated chloroplasts by iodoacetol phosphate. Plant Physiol 1981;67(4):854–8. link1

[52] Heap I, Duke SO. Overview of glyphosate-resistant weeds worldwide. Pest Manage Sci 2018;74(5):1040–9. link1

[53] Duke SO. Enhanced metabolic degradation: the last evolved glyphosate resistance mechanism of weeds? Plant Physiol 2019;181(4):1401–3. link1

[54] Gaines TA, Zhang W, Wang D, Bukun B, Chisholm ST, Shaner DL, et al. Gene amplification confers glyphosate resistance in Amaranthus palmeri. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010;107(3):1029–34. link1

[55] Culpepper AS, Grey TL, Vencill WK, Kichler JM, Webster TM, Brown SM, et al. Glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) confirmed in Georgia. Weed Sci 2006;54(4):620–6. link1

[56] Wiersma AT, Gaines TA, Preston C, Hamilton JP, Giacomini D, Buell CR, et al. Gene amplification of 5-enol-pyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase in glyphosate-resistant Kochia scoparia. Planta 2015;241(2):463–74. link1

[57] Malone JM, Morran S, Shirley N, Boutsalis P, Preston C. EPSPS gene amplification in glyphosate-resistant Bromus diandrus. Pest Manage Sci 2016;72(1):81–8. link1

[58] Chen J, Huang H, Zhang C, Wei S, Huang Z, Chen J, et al. Mutations and amplification of EPSP gene confer resistance to glyphosate in goosegrass (Eleusine indica). Planta 2015;242(4):859–68. link1

[59] Ngo TD, Malone JM, Boutsalis P, Gill G, Preston C. ESPS gene amplification conferring resistance to glyphosate in windmill grass (Chloris truncata) in Australia. Pest Manage Sci 2018;74(5):1101–8. link1

[60] Laforest M, Soufiane B, Simard MJ, Obeid K, Page E, Nurse RE. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase overexpression in herbicide-resistant large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis). Pest Manage Sci 2017;73(11):2227–35. link1