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2023, Volume 24, Issue 12

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Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering >> 2023, Volume 24, Issue 12 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2300490

Simultaneously transmitting and reflecting (STAR) RISs for 6G: fundamentals, recent advances, and future directions

1.School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK ;; 2.State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China

Received: 2023-07-20 Accepted: 2024-01-24 Available online: 2024-01-24
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Abstract

Simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (STAR-RISs) have been attracting significant attention in both academia and industry for their advantages of achieving 360° coverage and enhanced degrees-of-freedom. This article first identifies the fundamentals of STAR-RIS, by discussing the hardware models, channel models, and signal models. Then, three representative categorizing approaches for STAR-RISs are introduced from the phase-shift, directional, and energy consumption perspectives. Furthermore, the beamforming design of STAR-RISs is investigated for both independent and coupled phase-shift cases. As a recent advance, a general optimization framework, which has high compatibility and provable optimality regardless of the application scenarios, is proposed. As a further advance, several promising applications are discussed to demonstrate the potential benefits of applying STAR-RISs in sixth-generation wireless communication. Lastly, a few future directions and research opportunities are highlighted.

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