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Liquid-crystal-based phased array (LCPA) 1

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COPPER: a combinatorial optimization problem solver with processing-in-memory architecture Correspondence

Yitong YAO, Gang DONG, Zhangming ZHU, Yintang YANG,19111110564@stu.xidian.edu.cn,gdong@xidian.edu.cn,zhangmingzhu@xidian.edu.cn,ytyang@xidian.edu.cn

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2023, Volume 24, Issue 5, Pages 759-766 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2200398

Abstract: We present a novel broadband circularly polarized (CP) antenna with filtering effect for X- and Ku-band satellite wireless communication. The structure comprises a driven layer (also a filtering layer) and a stacked layer (also a CP layer). The bandpass filtering response consists of two radiation nulls, which is the combined effect of a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity-backed aperture and embedded driven patch. The chamfered patch is introduced as the stacked component with the ability to achieve CP and widen the operating bandwidth. A prototype with a compact layout of 0.8λ×0.71λ×0.16λ is fabricated using a multilayer printed circuit board (PCB) process for demonstration. Experimental results are in good agreement with the simulation results, and show that the measured -10-dB impedance bandwidth and 3-dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth are 10.83% and 15.54%, respectively. In addition, a peak gain of 8.9 dBic for left-hand circular polarization (LHCP), an average in-band gainLHCP > 7 dBic, and good frequency selectivity are obtained.

Keywords：圆极化；滤波效应；贴片天线；衬底集成波导

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Analysis and design of novel wideband and high efficiency millimeter-wave antenna arrays for 60-GHz applications Research Articles

Kai-lai WU, Yuan YAO, Xiao-he CHENG, Jun-sheng YU, Tao YU, Xiao-dong CHEN

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2020, Volume 21, Issue 1, Pages 128-143 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1900461

Abstract: A type of millimeter-wave antenna array with flexible design is proposed for a variety of applications at 60 GHz. The antenna array can be adjusted to be linearly or circularly polarized by simply changing the radiation part of the antenna array. High gain, wideband, and high radiation efficiency characteristics can be achieved by adopting a low insertion loss feeding network and broadband antenna elements. For the linearly polarized antenna array, simulation results show that the impedance bandwidth of the 2×2 antenna subarray reaches 21.6%, while the maximum gain achieves 15.1 dBi and has a fluctuation of less than 0.4 dBi within the working bandwidth. Simulation results of the 8×8 linearly polarized antenna array show a bandwidth of 21.6% and a gain of (26.1±1) dBi with an antenna efficiency of more than 80%. For the 8×8 circularly polarized antenna array, simulation results show that an impedance bandwidth of 18.2% and an axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of 13.3% are obtained. Gain and efficiency of up to 27.6 dBi and 80% are achieved, respectively. A prototype of antenna array is fabricated, and results are compared and analyzed.

Keywords： 60 GHz Antenna array Linearly polarized Circularly polarized Millimeter-wave

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Wideband circular-polarized transmitarray for generating a high-purity vortex beam Correspondence

Liangjie QIU, Xiuping LI, Zihang QI, Wenyu ZHAO, Yuhan HUANG,xpli@bupt.edu.cn

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2023, Volume 24, Issue 6, Pages 927-934 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2200539

Abstract: In this correspondence, a wideband circular-polarized (CP) transmitarray (TA) in the Ka-band is presented for generating a high-purity vortex beam. The proposed element is composed of two identical combinations separated by an air layer. The subwavelength structure and double-resonance characteristics ensure the stable phase shift of the element within the 1-dB transmission bandwidth of 28.4%. A square aperture TA fed by a horn antenna is fabricated and measured. Owing to the honeycomb arrangement of elements, the mode purity of l=−1 is >0.93 in a wide band from 28.5 to 38 GHz. The measured peak gain is 22.3 dBic, and the 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth is 27.6%. The performance of the proposed antenna demonstrates its potential for high-capacity wireless communication and high-quality radar imaging.

Keywords：轨道角动量；涡旋波束；透射阵；宽带；高纯度

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High-Efficiency Circularly Polarized Phased Array Based on 5 μm-Thick Nematic Liquid Crystals: Design, Over-The-Air Calibration, and Experimental Validation Article

Xin Yu Wu,Fengshuo Wan,Hongyuan Feng,Shichao Jin,Chong Guo,Yu Wei,Dunge Liu,Yuqian Yang,Longzhu Cai,Zhi Hao Jiang,Wei Hong

Engineering 2024, Volume 32, Issue 1, Pages 70-82 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.08.013

Abstract:

This paper presents a systematic investigation and demonstration of a K-band circularly polarized liquid-crystal-based phased array (LCPA), including the design, over-the-air (OTA) in-array calibration, and experimental validation. The LCPA contains 16 phase-shifting radiating channels, each consisting of a circularly polarized stacked patch antenna and a liquid-crystal-based phase shifter (LCPS) based on a loaded differential line structure. Thanks to its slow-wave properties, the LCPS exhibits a maximum phase-shifting range of more than 360° with a figure of merit of 78.3°·dB⁻¹ based on a liquid crystal layer with a thickness of only 5 μm. Furthermore, an automatic OTA calibration based on a state ergodic method is proposed, which enables the extraction of the phase–voltage curve of every individual LCPA channel. The proposed LCPA is manufactured and characterized with a total profile of only 1.76 mm, experimentally demonstrating a scanned circularly polarized beam from −40° to +40° with a measured peak gain of 12.5 dBic and a scanning loss of less than 2.5 dB. The bandwidth of the LCPA, which satisfies the requirements of port reflection (|S₁₁|) < −15 dB, an axial ratio (AR) < 3 dB, beam squinting < 3°, and a gain variation < 2.2 dB, spans from 25.5 to 26.0 GHz. The total efficiency is about 34%, which represents a new state of the art. The use of the demonstrated low-profile LCPA to support circularly polarized scanning beams, along with the systematic design and calibration methodology, holds potential promise for a variety of millimeter-wave applications.

Keywords： Circularly polarized Liquid crystal Liquid-crystal-based phased array (LCPA) Phase shifter Over-the-air (OTA) calibration

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Wideband and high-gain BeiDou antenna with a sequential feed network for satellite tracking Research Article

Zhuolin DENG, Zhongyu TIAN, Chenhe DUAN, Pei XIAO, Zhu LIU, Gaosheng LI,Gaosheng7070@vip.163.com

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2023, Volume 24, Issue 10, Pages 1471-1481 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2200244

Abstract: BeiDou-3 navigation satellite system was officially opened in 2020. While bringing high-performance services to people around the world, the navigation system requires well-designed s. In this paper, we propose a wideband circularly polarized high-performance . The antenna realizes through a , and the phase imbalance of the feed network from 1.05 to 1.80 GHz is less than 7°. The manufactured antenna demonstrates a return loss of more than 13 dB and an axial ratio3 dB over the entire global navigation satellite system (GNSS) frequency band. The right-handed circular polarization (RHCP) gain of the proposed antenna is greater than 4 dB in the GNSS low-frequency band and can reach more than 7.1 dB in the high-frequency band. Dimension of the proposed antenna is 120 mm×120 mm×20 mm, i.e., 0.54×0.54×0.09, where is the wavelength of the center frequency. The proposed antenna connected to a GNSS receiver has tracked 12 BeiDou satellites with ratios of GNSS signals greater than 30 dB. Such a high-performance antenna provides a basis for high-quality positioning services.

Keywords： BeiDou antenna Wideband circularly polarized radiation Four-port sequential feed network Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver Satellite tracking

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A Polarization Programmable Antenna Array Article

Dingzhao Chen, Yanhui Liu, Ming Li, Pan Guo, Zhuo Zeng, Jun Hu, Y. Jay Guo

Engineering 2022, Volume 16, Issue 9, Pages 100-114 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.03.015

Abstract:

Reconfigurable antennas are becoming a major antenna technology for future wireless communications and sensing systems. It is known that, with a single linear polarization (LP) reconfigurable antenna element, a preferred polarization can be produced from a set of multiple polarization states, thus improving the quality of the communication link. This paper presents a new concept of a polarization programmable reconfigurable antenna array that consists of a number of polarization reconfigurable antenna elements with a finite number of possible polarization states. By employing a new optimization strategy and programming the polarization states of all the array elements, we demonstrate that it is possible to realize any desired LP in the vectorial array radiation pattern with accurate control of sidelobe and crosspolarization levels (XPLs), thereby achieving the desired polarization to perfectly match that of the required communications signal. Both numerical and experimental results are provided to prove the concept, and they agree well with each other.

Keywords：阵列天线极化可编程天线可重构天线

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Critical technique and scientific topic on fully polarized microwave radiometer remote sensing sea surface wind vector

Wang Zhenzhan,Jiang Jingshan,Liu Jingyi,Yin Xiaobin

Strategic Study of CAE 2008, Volume 10, Issue 6, Pages 76-86

Abstract:

Microwave microwave polarimeter is a sensor of measuring not only the vertical-and horizontal-polarization, but also the third and/or the forth Stokes parameters. It realizes all information about electromagnetic wave, including frequency, phase, amplitude and polarization,to be measured by a senor. The correlated information of the first two Stokes parameters is more sensitive to the anisotropy of the ocean surface. Wind direction retrieval is one of the initial motivations of the polarimeter development. In this paper, the progress and characteristic on polarimeter development are introduced and theories of ocean wind vector remote sensing are analyzed. Oceanic emission and scattering model is develoked for remote sensing wind vector using passive polarimetric microwave radiometer. The critical techniques on its system design, which include receiver and calibration methods, are discussed in order to realize scientific target of wind retrievals. Furthermore more efforts are paid on expatiating scientific topics on wind reversion methods, including geophysical model function built-up, influences of main technical specifications on retrieval precision, and wind direction ambiguity removal methods by data-processing methods and scanning geometry. The calibration errors and main specifications of polarimetric radiometer,which have significant influences on the accuracy of wind vector retrieval,are summed in detail.Finally,a new scanning geometry with fore-aft-look to remove wind direction ambiguous solution is put forward.

Keywords： polarimetric microwave radiometer wind vector retrieval calibration

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Extreme Engineering: Polarization in Product Development and Manufacturing

Andrew Kusiak

Engineering 2021, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages 282-284 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.01.012

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A novel wideband ring antenna for polarization/pattern diversity Correspondence

Li SUN, Shigang ZHOU, Guanxi ZHANG, Baohua SUN

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2022, Volume 23, Issue 6, Pages 975-983 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2100421

Abstract:

We present a novel wideband ring antenna for polarization/pattern diversity. The proposed antenna consists of eight printed dipole elements in the form of a circular array. The arms of adjacent elements overlap for capacitive loading. Unlike traditional circular arrays, a method of exciting elements in the form of every two intervals is first introduced. We prove that this method can maintain the wideband characteristics of the antenna. Four independent feeding ports in a ring antenna aperture are designed for the polarization/pattern diversity with suitable feeding networks. As an example, a wideband dual-polarized antenna was designed based on the proposed ring antenna. To achieve two orthogonal linear polarizations with maximum radiation in the direction, two adjacent elements are extracted periodically to feed through one port. The differential feeding network and integrated Baluns have been designed to realize broadside radiation patterns, considering impedance and phase matching. Because the proposed antenna is hollow, it is a good candidate for a multiband sharing aperture antenna element. Results show that the proposed antenna has an overlapped bandwidth of 50.5% (1.04–1.82 GHz) with voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)<2 for the two polarizations, and port isolation less than 23 dB. The measured realized gain ranges from 6.1 to 8.1 dBi, with stable broadside radiation patterns over the operating frequency band.

Keywords：环形天线；宽带天线；极化分集；方向图分集

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Optimal design of a large dual-polarization microstrip reflectarray with China-coverage patterns for satellite communications Research Articles

Gang ZHAO, Yong-chang JIAO, Guan-tao CHEN

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2020, Volume 21, Issue 1, Pages 159-173 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1900496

Abstract: A large dual-polarization microstrip reflectarray with China-coverage patterns in two operating bands is designed. To sufficiently compensate for the spatial phase delay differences in two operating bands separately, a three-layer rectangular patch element is addressed, which is suitable for the large dual-polarization reflectarray. Due to the complexly shaped areas and high gain requirements, there are more than 25 000 elements in the reflectarray, making it difficult to design, due to more than 150 000 optimization variables. First, the discrete fast Fourier transform (DFFT) and the inverse DFFT are used to establish a one-to-one relationship between the aperture distribution and the far field, which lays a foundation for optimizing the shaped-beam reflectarray. The intersection approach, based on the alternating projection, is used to obtain the desired reflection phases of all the elements at some sample frequencies, and a new method for producing a suitable initial solution is proposed to avoid undesired local minima. To validate the design method, a dual-polarization shaped-beam reflectarray with 7569 elements is fabricated and measured. The measurement results are in reasonable agreement with the simulation ones. Then, for the large broadband reflectarray with the minimum differential spatial phase delays in the operating band, an approach for determining the optimal position of the feed is discussed. To simultaneously find optimal dimensions of each element in two orthogonal directions, we establish a new optimization model, which is solved by the regular polyhedron method. Finally, a dual-band dual-polarization microstrip reflectarray with 25 305 elements is designed to cover the continent of China. Simulation results show that patterns of the reflectarray meet the China-coverage requirements in two operating bands, and that the proposed optimization method for designing large reflectarrays with complexly shaped patterns is reliable and efficient.

Keywords： Reflectarray Dual-polarization Shaped beam Phase-only synthesis

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A dual-polarized Fabry–Pérot antenna with high gain and wide bandwidth for millimeter-wave applications

Qingyi Guo, Hang Wong,guo_qingyi@163.com,hang.wong@cityu.edu.hk

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2021, Volume 22, Issue 4, Pages 599-608 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2000514

Abstract: We introduce a dual-polarized (DP) rot cavity (FPC) antenna operating at the millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency band with and characteristics. A DP feeding source and a partially reflective surface (PRS) integrated with a Fresnel zone lens are suggested to realize dual-polarization wave radiation over a wide impedance bandwidth. The feeding source provides vertical and horizontal polarizations while keeping high isolation between the two polarizations. PRS is used to realize Fabry cavity to produce a directive beam radiation. The integrated Fresnel zone rings are introduced for phase correction, leading to a significant gain enhancement for the antenna. For verification, a 60-GHz FPC antenna prototype with DP radiation is designed and fabricated with measurement results. It consists of a feeding source, a PRS integrated with a Fresnel zone lens, a quasi-curved reflector, and four three-dimensional printed supporters. The results illustrate that the peak gains of vertical and horizontal polarizations are 18.4 and 17.6 dBi, respectively. The impedance matching bandwidth for the two polarizations is 14%. The performance ensures that the proposed DP FPC antenna is a promising candidate for the fifth-generation wireless communication systems in the mmWave band.

Keywords：双极化；法布里—珀罗腔天线；与菲涅耳带透镜集成的部分反射面；毫米波波段；高增益；宽带

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Intertidal area classification with generalized extreme value distribution and Markov random field in quad-polarimetric synthetic aperture radar imagery None

Ting-ting JIN, Xiao-qiang SHE, Xiao-lan QIU, Bin LEI

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2019, Volume 20, Issue 2, Pages 253-264 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1700462

Abstract:

Classification of intertidal area in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images is an important yet challenging issue when considering the complicatedly and dramatically changing features of tidal fluctuation. The difficulty of intertidal area classification is compounded because a high proportion of this area is frequently flooded by water, making statistical modeling methods with spatial contextual information often ineffective. Because polarimetric entropy and anisotropy play significant roles in characterizing intertidal areas, in this paper we propose a novel unsupervised contextual classification algorithm. The key point of the method is to combine the generalized extreme value (GEV) statistical model of the polarization features and the Markov random field (MRF) for contextual smoothing. A goodness-of-fit test is added to determine the significance of the components of the statistical model. The final classification results are obtained by effectively combining the results of polarimetric entropy and anisotropy. Experimental results of the polarimetric data obtained by the Chinese Gaofen-3 SAR satellite demonstrate the feasibility and superiority of the proposed classification algorithm.

Keywords： Intertidal classification Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar Finite mixture model Markov random field Generalized extreme value model

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Correspondence: A low-profile dual-polarization programmable dual-beam scanning antenna array Perspective

Shichao ZHU, Yuanfan NING, Hongbo CHU, Pei XIAO, Gaosheng LI,Gaosheng7070@vip.163.com

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2023, Volume 24, Issue 10, Pages 1504-1512 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2300253

Abstract: A low-profile dual-polarization dual-beam scanning antenna array based on holographic control theory is presented in this paper. The radiating elements are ingeniously designed to achieve reconfigurable polarization and modulation of the radiation phase by controlling the state of the PIN diodes integrated on each element. A 72-channel series-parallel equal-amplitude and in-phase feeding network is integrated with the radiating array to achieve low-profile characteristics. The two-dimensional (2D) dynamic and accurate deflection of the beam is achieved by a designed direct current (DC) bias circuit that digitally encodes the antenna array using the single-chip microcontroller. A 2-element subarray and a 6×12 array have been fabricated and the digitally controllable radiation pattern of this antenna system has been experimentally verified. The antenna system can achieve the beam scanning of -30° to 30° with a step-scan of 5° at 11 GHz. The proposed antenna system is characterized by low profile, low cost, easy integration, and accurate beam steering, and holds broad application prospects in radar systems, smart antennas, and other fields.

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Electrochemical characterization methods of the key materials for SOFC

Fan Liquan,Zhao Erqing and Gao Keqing

Strategic Study of CAE 2013, Volume 15, Issue 2, Pages 50-56

Abstract:

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are the solid-state devices for generating electricity from the chemical energy. The effect of solid oxide materials on the performance of SOFC is especially important. From the influence of materials on electrochemical performance of SOFC, this paper summarizes electrochemical characterization methods for the composition materials of SOFC briefly based on the fundamentals of electrochemistry and solid electrochemistry. Some research experience is also included in the paper, which can facilitate the further research of materials.

Keywords： solid oxide materials direct current polarization alternating current impedance solid oxide fuel cell

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Planar dual-polarized millimeter-wave shared-aperture array antenna with high band isolation Correspondence

Yuyan CAO, Zijun GUO, Zhangcheng HAO

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2022, Volume 23, Issue 10, Pages 1568-1578 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2200122

Abstract:

A planar millimeter-wave shared-aperture array antenna is proposed and designed in this paper. By composing the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) and the stripline, the K-band antenna is embedded inside the Ka-band antenna to achieve a smaller size and a low profile by sharing an aperture. The Ka-band antenna radiates through the parallel slot pairs on the surface of the SIW cavities with horizontal polarization, while the K-band antenna radiates through the butterfly-shaped slots with vertical polarization, which are also designed on the surface. Then the two array antennas can radiate by sharing a common aperture with high isolation. To verify this idea, a prototype of an 8×8 shared-aperture array antenna has been designed with center frequencies of 19 and 30 GHz and fabricated using multilayer printed circuit board (PCB) technology. The measurement results show that the −10 dB impedance bandwidths in the K- and Ka-bands are 7.73% and >20%, and the corresponding isolations are higher than 60 and 44 dB, respectively. The proposed shared-aperture antenna has a small footprint, a low profile, and high isolation, and is a promising candidate to design compact millimeterwave wireless systems.

Keywords：共口径；平面天线；高隔离度；基片集成波导

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Title Author Date Type Operation

COPPER: a combinatorial optimization problem solver with processing-in-memory architecture

Yitong YAO, Gang DONG, Zhangming ZHU, Yintang YANG,19111110564@stu.xidian.edu.cn,gdong@xidian.edu.cn,zhangmingzhu@xidian.edu.cn,ytyang@xidian.edu.cn

Journal Article

Analysis and design of novel wideband and high efficiency millimeter-wave antenna arrays for 60-GHz applications

Kai-lai WU, Yuan YAO, Xiao-he CHENG, Jun-sheng YU, Tao YU, Xiao-dong CHEN

Journal Article

Wideband circular-polarized transmitarray for generating a high-purity vortex beam

Liangjie QIU, Xiuping LI, Zihang QI, Wenyu ZHAO, Yuhan HUANG,xpli@bupt.edu.cn

Journal Article

High-Efficiency Circularly Polarized Phased Array Based on 5 μm-Thick Nematic Liquid Crystals: Design, Over-The-Air Calibration, and Experimental Validation

Xin Yu Wu,Fengshuo Wan,Hongyuan Feng,Shichao Jin,Chong Guo,Yu Wei,Dunge Liu,Yuqian Yang,Longzhu Cai,Zhi Hao Jiang,Wei Hong

Journal Article

Wideband and high-gain BeiDou antenna with a sequential feed network for satellite tracking

Zhuolin DENG, Zhongyu TIAN, Chenhe DUAN, Pei XIAO, Zhu LIU, Gaosheng LI,Gaosheng7070@vip.163.com

Journal Article

A Polarization Programmable Antenna Array

Dingzhao Chen, Yanhui Liu, Ming Li, Pan Guo, Zhuo Zeng, Jun Hu, Y. Jay Guo

Journal Article

Critical technique and scientific topic on fully polarized microwave radiometer remote sensing sea surface wind vector

Wang Zhenzhan,Jiang Jingshan,Liu Jingyi,Yin Xiaobin

Journal Article

Extreme Engineering: Polarization in Product Development and Manufacturing

Andrew Kusiak

Journal Article

A novel wideband ring antenna for polarization/pattern diversity

Li SUN, Shigang ZHOU, Guanxi ZHANG, Baohua SUN

Journal Article

Optimal design of a large dual-polarization microstrip reflectarray with China-coverage patterns for satellite communications

Gang ZHAO, Yong-chang JIAO, Guan-tao CHEN

Journal Article

A dual-polarized Fabry–Pérot antenna with high gain and wide bandwidth for millimeter-wave applications

Qingyi Guo, Hang Wong,guo_qingyi@163.com,hang.wong@cityu.edu.hk

Journal Article

Intertidal area classification with generalized extreme value distribution and Markov random field in quad-polarimetric synthetic aperture radar imagery

Ting-ting JIN, Xiao-qiang SHE, Xiao-lan QIU, Bin LEI

Journal Article

Correspondence: A low-profile dual-polarization programmable dual-beam scanning antenna array

Shichao ZHU, Yuanfan NING, Hongbo CHU, Pei XIAO, Gaosheng LI,Gaosheng7070@vip.163.com

Journal Article

Electrochemical characterization methods of the key materials for SOFC

Fan Liquan,Zhao Erqing and Gao Keqing

Journal Article

Planar dual-polarized millimeter-wave shared-aperture array antenna with high band isolation

Yuyan CAO, Zijun GUO, Zhangcheng HAO

Journal Article