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Analysis of a Peaked Carbon Emission Pathway in China Toward Carbon Neutrality
Project Team on the Strategy and Pathway for Peaking Carbon Emissions and Carbon Neutrality
Engineering 2021, Volume 7, Issue 12, Pages 1673-1677 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.10.003
Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality Path for China’s Power Industry
Shu Yinbiao, Zhang Liying, Zhang Yunzhou, Wang Yaohua, Lu Gang, Yuan Bo, Xia Peng
Strategic Study of CAE 2021, Volume 23, Issue 6, Pages 1-14 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2021.06.001
The low-carbon transformation of power sector is significant for achieving the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality in China. Based on the evaluation of power carbon budget, three power transformation scenarios of deep low-carbon, zero carbon, and negative carbon were built, the key boundary conditions such as power consumption demand were studied, and a path planning optimization model was established in the paper. Using the GESP-V software package for optimized analysis, the low-carbon transformation paths were determined for power structure, power carbon emissions, and power supply costs under different scenarios. The major issues that are critical for the low-carbon transformation of the power system were discussed, including coal power development, renewable energy development and utilization, diversified supply of clean energy, and electric power balance. Several suggestions were further proposed. Specifically, the top-level design should be strengthened to steadily plan the transformation pace, major low-carbon technologies should be developed to coordinate the overall technology and industrial layout, and the market mechanism with balanced interests should be improved while establishing a green finance policy system. The high-quality low-carbon transformation of China’s power sector in the medium and long term can be promoted through the coordination of policies, technologies, and mechanisms.
Keywords： carbon peak carbon neutrality power transformation path carbon budget carbon emission reduction scenario analysis power supply cost
Policy and Management of Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality: A Literature Review Review
Yi-Ming Wei, Kaiyuan Chen, Jia-Ning Kang, Weiming Chen, Xiang-Yu Wang, Xiaoye Zhang
Engineering 2022, Volume 14, Issue 7, Pages 52-63 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.12.018
The vision of reaching a carbon peak and achieving carbon neutrality is guiding the low-carbon transition of China's socioeconomic system. Currently, a research gap remains in the existing literature in terms of studies that systematically identify opportunities to achieve carbon neutrality. To address this gap, this study comprehensively collates and investigates 1105 published research studies regarding carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. In doing so, the principles of development in this area are quantitively analyzed from a space–time perspective. At the same time, this study traces shifts and alterations in research hotspots. This systematic review summarizes the priorities and standpoints of key industries on carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. Furthermore, with an emphasis on five key management science topics, the scientific concerns and strategic demands for these two carbon emission-reduction goals are clarified. The paper ends with theoretical insights on and practical countermeasures for actions, priority tasks, and policy measures that will enable China to achieve a carbon-neutral future. This study provides a complete picture of the research status on carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, as well as the research directions worth investigating in this field, which are crucial to the formulation of carbon peak and carbon neutrality policies.
Keywords： Carbon peak Carbon neutrality Systematic review Carbon management
Re-electrification in China Under the Carbon Neutrality Goal
Shu Yinbiao , Xie Dian , Zhao Liang , Gao Yajing , Zhao Yong , Zhou Chaoyang
Strategic Study of CAE 2022, Volume 24, Issue 3, Pages 195-204 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2022.03.020
As carbon peak and carbon neutrality have been incorporated into the overall layout of China’s ecological civilization construction, electric power will play an increasingly important role in leading green development. Implementing re-electrification to realize clean substitution at the energy production side and electric energy substitution at the energy consumption side is significant for China to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality on schedule. In this article, we analyze the concept of re-electrification and propose to help China achieve low-carbon development with re-electrification considering the basic national conditions and resource endowment of the country. We analyze the evolution trend of energy and power in China under different scenarios using a research framework of terminal energy demand—energy conversion system—primary energy structure while considering the factors of economy, technology, policy, and environment. The development prospect of re-electrification is also proposed. The research results show that re-electrification will significantly promote carbon neutrality. In 2060, the proportions of non-fossil energy consumption, clean energy power generation, and terminal power consumption will reach 80%, 90%, and 70%, respectively. Therefore, we suggest that China should (1) coordinate the carbon budget and emission reduction paths of various industries, (2) accelerate the adjustment of economic and industrial structures, (3) promote scientific and technological innovation in key fields, and (4) improve the policy systemfor power and carbon markets.
Keywords： re-electrification carbon neutrality energy transition electric energy substitution
Near-Real-Time Carbon Emission Accounting Technology Toward Carbon Neutrality Review
Zhu Liu, Taochun Sun, Ying Yu, Piyu Ke, Zhu Deng, Chenxi Lu, Da Huo, Xiang Ding
Engineering 2022, Volume 14, Issue 7, Pages 44-51 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.12.019
Climate change is the greatest environmental threat to humans and the planet in the 21st century. Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are one of the main causes of the increasing number of extreme climate events. Cumulative carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions showed a linear relationship with cumulative temperature rise since the pre-industrial stage, and this accounts for approximately 80% of the total anthropogenic greenhouse gases. Therefore, accurate and reliable carbon emission data are the foundation and scientific basis for most emission reduction policymaking and target setting. Currently, China has made clear the ambitious goal of achieving the peak of carbon emissions by 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2060. The development of a finer-grained spatiotemporal carbon emission database is urgently needed to achieve more accurate carbon emission monitoring for continuous implementation and the iterative improvement of emission reduction policies. Near-real-time carbon emission monitoring is not only a major national demand but also a scientific question at the frontier of this discipline. This article reviews existing annual-based carbon accounting methods, with a focus on the newly developed real-time carbon emission technology and its current application trends. We also present a framework for the latest near-real-time carbon emission accounting technology that can be widely used. The development of relevant data and methods will provide strong database support to the policymaking for China's "carbon neutrality” strategy. Finally, this article provides an outlook on the future of real-time carbon emission monitoring technology.
Keywords： Carbon neutrality Carbon accounting Carbon monitoring
Strategic Conception of Carbon Neutralization in Coal Industry
Yuan Liang
Strategic Study of CAE 2023, Volume 25, Issue 5, Pages 103-110 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2023.05.009
The coal industry is crucial for guaranteeing China’s energy security and achieving the carbon peaking and carbon neutralization (i.e., “dual carbon”) goals. Therefore, it is imperative to formulate a carbon neutralization strategy for the coal industry from a top-level design perspective. Considering China’s basic national conditions and regional characteristics, this study elaborates the strategic conception of carbon neutralization of the coal industry from the aspects of development concept, expected goals, and key directions, and clarifies specific implementation paths. Specifically, the core concept is to achieve the “dual carbon” goals by both considering regional disparities and promoting regional coordination; based on an overall planning nationwide, the coal energy production, coal energy application, and new energy coupling zones should be scientifically classified, thus to realize the “dual carbon” goals by region and step. The development concept can be implemented via three stages: peak attainment, orderly optimization, and neutralization attainment, and the implementation path can be detailed as carbon emission reduction, carbon substitution, carbon sequestration, and carbon recycling. Moreover, efforts should focus on breakthroughs in the following applied technologies: intelligent and precise mining and clean and efficient utilization of coal, exploitation and utilization of coal mine gas at full concentration, pumped storage of abandoned mines, energy storage and power consumption, coupling of clean coal power with carbon capture, utilization and storage, efficiently replacing of coalbed methane with CO2, CO2 bio/chemical utilization, and green ecological restoration of mines. Relevant research can provide a pioneering and fundamental reference for the coal industry to realize the “dual carbon” goals.
Keywords： coal industry carbon neutrality clean and efficient utilization coupling of coal and clean energy strategic path
Toward Carbon-Neutral Water Systems: Insights from Global Cities Article
Ka Leung Lam, Gang Liu, Anne Marieke Motelica-Wagenaar, Jan Peter van der Hoek
Engineering 2022, Volume 14, Issue 7, Pages 77-85 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.04.012
Many cities have pledged to achieve carbon neutrality. The urban water industry can also contribute its share to a carbon-neutral future. Using a multi-city time-series analysis approach, this study aims to assess the progress and lessons learned from the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions management of urban water systems in four global cities: Amsterdam, Melbourne, New York City, and Tokyo. These cities are advanced in setting GHG emissions reduction targets and reporting GHG emissions in their water industries. All four cities have reduced the GHG emissions in their water industries, compared with those from more than a decade ago (i.e., the latest three-year moving averages are 13%–32% lower), although the emissions have "rebounded" multiple times over the years. The emissions reductions were mainly due to various engineering opportunities such as solar and mini-hydro power generation, biogas valorization, sludge digestion and incineration optimization, and aeration system optimization. These cities have recognized the many challenges in reaching carbon-neutrality goals, which include fluctuating water demand and rainfall, more carbon-intensive flood-prevention and water-supply strategies, meeting new air and water quality standards, and revising GHG emissions accounting methods. This study has also shown that it is difficult for the water industry to achieve carbon neutrality on its own. A collaborative approach with other sectors is needed when aiming toward the city's carbon-neutrality goal. Such an approach involves expanding the usual system boundary of the water industry to externally tap into both engineering and non-engineering opportunities.
Keywords： Urban water Greenhouse gas emissions Cities Climate change mitigation Carbon neutrality
China’s Energy Transition Pathway in a Carbon Neutral Vision Article
Shu Zhang, Wenying Chen
Engineering 2022, Volume 14, Issue 7, Pages 64-76 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.09.004
China’s energy system requires a thorough transformation to achieve carbon neutrality. Here, leveraging the highly acclaimed The Integrated MARKAL-EFOM System model of China (China TIMES) that takes energy, the environment, and the economy into consideration, four carbon-neutral scenarios are proposed and compared for different emission peak times and carbon emissions in 2050. The results show that China’s carbon emissions will peak at 10.3–10.4 Gt between 2025 and 2030. In 2050, renewables will account for 60% of total energy consumption (calorific value calculation) and 90% of total electricity generation, and the electrification rate will be close to 60%. The energy transition will bring sustained air quality improvement, with an 85% reduction in local air pollutants in 2050 compared with 2020 levels, and an early emission peak will yield more near-term benefits. Early peak attainment requires the extensive deployment of renewables over the next decade and an accelerated phasing out of coal after 2025. However, it will bring benefits such as obtaining better air quality sooner, reducing cumulative CO2 emissions, and buying more time for other sectors to transition. The pressure for more ambitious emission reductions in 2050 can be transmitted to the near future, affecting renewable energy development, energy service demand, and welfare losses.
Keywords： Carbon neutrality Energy transition Climate change mitigation China TIMES model Synergistic effects
China’s Energy Development for 2035: Strategic Thinking and Suggestions
Xie Kechang
Strategic Study of CAE 2022, Volume 24, Issue 6, Pages 1-7 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2022.06.001
The period before 2035 is critical for China to realize socialist modernization. The high-quality development of its energy industry must consider basic national conditions and development stages. Moreover, promoting the green and low-carbon transformation of the energy industry while guaranteeing a stable energy supply is the prerequisite for ensuring the sustainable economic and social development. This study summarized the current status of China’s energy development from six aspects: energy capacity, energy structure, comprehensive energy efficiency, energy science and technology, system and mechanism, and energy security. The key issues of energy development were analyzed, focusing on the role of coal for guaranteeing energy security, replacement of traditional energies with renewable energies for incremental energy consumption, sustainable supply of oil and gas, independent development of nuclear power, and large-scale development of the hydrogen energy industry. Four stages were proposed for the energy revolution and carbon reduction in China by 2035. Furthermore, we suggest that energy conservation should be prioritized in all aspects, clean and efficient use of coal should be promoted, renewable energies should be the major source of future energy increment, and low-carbon transformation should be accelerated to create an energy system that features multi-energy complementation.
Keywords： energy revolution energy security low-carbon transformation carbon peaking and carbon neutrality clean and efficient utilization of coal
Green Electrification of the Chemical Industry Toward Carbon Neutrality
Cheng Tang, Qiang Zhang
Engineering 2023, Volume 29, Issue 10, Pages 22-26 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.04.018
Paths for Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality in Transport Sector in China
Li Xiaoyi, Tan Xiaoyu, Wu Rui, Xu Honglei, Zhong Zhihua, Li Yue, Zheng Chaohui, Wang Renjie, Qiao Yingjun
Strategic Study of CAE 2021, Volume 23, Issue 6, Pages 15-21 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2021.06.008
Peaking carbon dioxide emissions and achieving carbon neutrality is a major strategic decision taken by China and it brings significant pressure and challenges to the transport sector. Peaking carbon emissions is an important direction for the highquality development and green transformation of the transport sector. This study analyzes the status quo of green development and carbon emission in China’s transport sector and identifies the challenges for achieving the carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals in the transport sector. The overall idea is to peak carbon emissions actively and steadily by implementing categorized policies, combining short- and long-term goals, controlling carbon emission increment, and adjusting the current emission structure. An overall path for carbon reduction in the transport sector at different stages is proposed. Furthermore, we summarize several key measures to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality in the transport sector: (1) optimizing the transport structure, (2) promoting the energy efficiency of transport equipment, (3) popularizing low-carbon transport equipment, (4) improving the traffic organizing efficiency, and(5) encouraging low-carbon travel modes.
Keywords： transport sector，carbon emission projection，carbon peak，carbon neutrality，development path
Dynamic Carbon Neutrality Mode for Coal-Based Energy Systems and Effectiveness Assessment Thereof
Ge Shirong, Wang Bing, Feng Haohao, Jiang Xinru, Li Xue
Strategic Study of CAE 2023, Volume 25, Issue 5, Pages 122-135 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2023.05.011
The conventional energy-transition pathway, that is, reducing coal, increasing gas, and developing renewable energies, cannot fully satisfy the requirement of China for energy security under the new situation. Creating a novel dynamic carbon neutrality mode for coal-based energy systems is a forward-looking development approach to solving the problem of high carbon emissions and ensuring national energy security. This study summarizes the international energy transition modes and analyzes the urgency and importance of developing a low-carbon coal-based energy system in response to the challenges of energy security and emissions reduction. Moreover, it clarifies the scientific intension, establishes a system framework, and discloses the security guarantee and emissions reduction mechanisms of the dynamic carbon neutrality mode for coal-based energy systems. An effectiveness assessment model based on system dynamics is established to assess the effectiveness of the mode in terms of energy security, emission reduction,and social development. The results indicate that compared to the conventional coal-fueled systems, the coal-based energy system can potentially reduce carbon emissions by 46% to 55% and external dependence on oil and gas to be below 20% in 2060 under different scenarios; the carbon emissions can be reduced by 84% using the dynamic carbon neutrality mode and the carbon capture and storage technology, and is expected to be further lowered owing to the carbon capture, utilization, and storage technology and carbon sinks in mining areas. Coal-based energy development and application can serve as a strategic technology for oil and gas reserves, thereby ensuring energy security. However, China still faces a significant oil and gas gap before 2030, and thus the development of the coalbased energy is urgent. Furthermore, we propose that a novel coal-based energy system supported by dynamic carbon neutrality technologies should be built to achieve energy independence and security as well as achieve the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. Coal underground gasification, tar-rich coal utilization, and coalbed gas development technologies should be regarded as a potential technology portfolio in the short and medium term and the coal in-situ fluidization mining technology could be a long-term choice.
Keywords： coal-fueled energy coal-based energy dynamic carbon neutrality energy security carbon emission reduction
Feng Qian
Engineering 2023, Volume 27, Issue 8, Pages 1-2 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.07.005
China’s Natural Gas Development Strategy under the Constraints of arbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality
Liu He, Liang Kun, Zhang Guosheng, Li Zhixin, Ding Lin, Su Jian, Zhu Shijia, Ge Su, Liu Jingyao
Strategic Study of CAE 2021, Volume 23, Issue 6, Pages 33-42 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2021.06.005
Natural gas is a stable and flexible low-carbon fossil energy. It has comparative advantages on both supply and consumption sides. It can be used as a transitional energy for constructing a clean, low-carbon, safe, and efficient new energy system and for achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality. Currently, China’s energy transition has many scheme designs. Huge differences exist in the development prospects of natural gas. In this study, we analyze the relationship, challenges, and principles of carbon peak and carbon neutrality. Based on these analyses, we study the opportunities for natural gas development in China, explore the comparative advantages of natural gas in key areas such as power generation, transportation, city gas, and industry, and summarize the constraints in terms of terminal prices, infrastructure, pricing mechanism, and development speed. We also propose the development goals and key tasks of China’s natural gas. Finally, five recommendations are proposed for China’s natural gas development under the carbon goals. The first is to strengthen top-level coordination and leadership to clarify the development positioning and ideas of natural gas.The second is to maximize the comparative advantages to promote natural gas consumption. The third is to rationally use domestic and foreign resources to ensure sufficient and reliable supply. The fourth is to promote infrastructure construction to improve the supply efficiency. The fifth is to strengthen the policies and mechanisms for land, finance, taxation.
Keywords： carbon peak carbon neutrality energy transition natural gas comparative advantages
CO2 High-Temperature Electrolysis Technology Toward Carbon Neutralization in the Chemical Industry Review
Yifeng Li, Longgui Zhang, Bo Yu, Jianxin Zhu, Changjiang Wu
Engineering 2023, Volume 21, Issue 2, Pages 101-114 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.02.016
The chemical industry is a major carbon emitter in China and must be focused on for China to achieve its goal of carbon neutralization. CO2 high-temperature electrolysis based on solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) is an important technology to achieve China's carbon emission reduction, peak carbon emission, and carbon neutralization goals. Moreover, this technology can realize the recycling utilization of CO2 and thereby contribute to considerable environmental benefits and potential economic benefits. Thus far, a great deal of progress has been made in CO2 high-temperature electrolysis technology at the laboratory stage and pilot stage, although the large-scale industrial application of this technology still requires further development. This review focuses on recent progress in state-of-the-art cell materials for hightemperature CO2 electrolysis, discusses the future research directions of SOEC technologies, and proposes possible SOEC-coupled chemical industry carbon neutralization solutions.
Keywords： Solid oxide electrolysis cell Carbon dioxide Carbon neutralization Nickel Perovskite Scale-up
Title Author Date Type Operation
Analysis of a Peaked Carbon Emission Pathway in China Toward Carbon Neutrality
Project Team on the Strategy and Pathway for Peaking Carbon Emissions and Carbon Neutrality
Journal Article
Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality Path for China’s Power Industry
Shu Yinbiao, Zhang Liying, Zhang Yunzhou, Wang Yaohua, Lu Gang, Yuan Bo, Xia Peng
Journal Article
Policy and Management of Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality: A Literature Review
Yi-Ming Wei, Kaiyuan Chen, Jia-Ning Kang, Weiming Chen, Xiang-Yu Wang, Xiaoye Zhang
Journal Article
Re-electrification in China Under the Carbon Neutrality Goal
Shu Yinbiao , Xie Dian , Zhao Liang , Gao Yajing , Zhao Yong , Zhou Chaoyang
Journal Article
Near-Real-Time Carbon Emission Accounting Technology Toward Carbon Neutrality
Zhu Liu, Taochun Sun, Ying Yu, Piyu Ke, Zhu Deng, Chenxi Lu, Da Huo, Xiang Ding
Journal Article
Toward Carbon-Neutral Water Systems: Insights from Global Cities
Ka Leung Lam, Gang Liu, Anne Marieke Motelica-Wagenaar, Jan Peter van der Hoek
Journal Article
China’s Energy Transition Pathway in a Carbon Neutral Vision
Shu Zhang, Wenying Chen
Journal Article
Green Electrification of the Chemical Industry Toward Carbon Neutrality
Cheng Tang, Qiang Zhang
Journal Article
Paths for Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality in Transport Sector in China
Li Xiaoyi, Tan Xiaoyu, Wu Rui, Xu Honglei, Zhong Zhihua, Li Yue, Zheng Chaohui, Wang Renjie, Qiao Yingjun
Journal Article
Dynamic Carbon Neutrality Mode for Coal-Based Energy Systems and Effectiveness Assessment Thereof
Ge Shirong, Wang Bing, Feng Haohao, Jiang Xinru, Li Xue
Journal Article
Smart Process Manufacturing toward Carbon Neutrality: Digital Transformation in Process Manufacturing for Achieving the Goals of Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality
Feng Qian
Journal Article
China’s Natural Gas Development Strategy under the Constraints of arbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality
Liu He, Liang Kun, Zhang Guosheng, Li Zhixin, Ding Lin, Su Jian, Zhu Shijia, Ge Su, Liu Jingyao
Journal Article
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