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A review on front end conversion in ocean wave energy converters

Nagulan SANTHOSH,Venkatesan BASKARAN,Arunachalam AMARKARTHIK

《能源前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第3期页码 297-310 doi: 10.1007/s11708-015-0370-x

摘要： Harvesting the energy from ocean waves is one of the greatest attractions for energy engineers and scientists. Till date, plenty of methods have been adopted to harvest the energy from the ocean waves. However, due to technological and economical complexity, it is intricate to involve the majority of these energy harvesters in the real ocean environment. Effective utilization and sustainability of any wave energy harvester depend upon its adaptability in the irregular seasonal waves, situation capability in maximum energy extraction and finally fulfilling the economic barriers. In this paper, the front end energy conversions are reviewed in detail which is positioned in the first stage of the wave energy converter among other stages such as power take off (PTO) and electrical energy conversion. If the recent development of these front end energy conversion is well known then developing wave energy converter with economic and commercial viability is possible. The aim of this review is to provide information on front end energy conversion of a point absorber and emphasize the strategies and calamity to be considered in designing such kinds of devices to improve the energy harvesting competence. This will be useful to the engineers for speeding up the development of a matured point absorbing type wave energy converter.

关键词： wave energy converter point absorbers power take off (PTO) front end energy conversion

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Development and advances in modular multilevel converter based HVDC projects in China

《工程管理前沿（英文）》页码 183-189 doi: 10.1007/s42524-022-0248-7

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关键词： high voltage direct current power converter power systems renewable energy ultra-high voltage

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高能量密度爆炸与化学爆炸的物理特征及爆炸次生洪水波效应探讨

周丰峻

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第12期页码 45-51

摘要：

文章根据高能量密度爆炸的辐射流体动力学计算与TNT装药爆炸计算的结果，对二类爆炸波系的形成发展，爆炸近区、远区的物理特征和爆炸作用物理模拟问题进行了研究，得出了对防护工程比较重要的几点结论。同时对于同两类爆炸引起的次生洪水波灾害进行了探讨，阐明了系统开展洪水波防护研究的重要意义。

关键词：高能量密度爆炸化学焊炸冲击波洪水波

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improved performance of an innovative method of using heave response of a non-floating object for ocean waveenergy conversion

Srinivasan CHANDRASEKARAN, Arunachalam AMARKARTHIK, Karuppan SIVAKUMAR, Dhanasekaran SELVAMUTHUKUMARAN, Shaji SIDNEY

《能源前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第3期页码 279-287 doi: 10.1007/s11708-013-0268-4

摘要： To convert wave energy into usable forms of energy by utilizing heaving body, heaving bodies (buoys) which are buoyant in nature and float on the water surface are usually used. The wave exerts excess buoyancy force on the buoy, lifting it during the approach of wave crest while the gravity pulls it down during the wave trough. A hydraulic, direct or mechanical power takeoff is used to convert this up and down motion of the buoy to produce usable forms of energy. Though using a floating buoy for harnessing wave energy is conventional, this device faces many challenges in improving the overall conversion efficiency and survivability in extreme conditions. Up to the present, no studies have been done to harness ocean waves using a non-floating object and to find out the merits and demerits of the system. In the present paper, an innovative heaving body type of wave energy converter with a non-floating object was proposed to harness waves. It was also shown that the conversion efficiency and safety of the proposed device were significantly higher than any other device proposed with floating buoy. To demonstrate the improvements, experiments were conducted with non-floating body for different dimensions and the heave response was noted. Power generation was not considered in the experiment to observe the worst case response of the heaving body. The device was modeled in artificial neural network (ANN), the heave response for various parameters were predicted, and compared with the experimental results. It was found that the ANN model could predict the heave response with an accuracy of 99%.

关键词： ocean wave energy point absorbers heaving body non-floating object heave response ratio artificial neural network (ANN)

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Toward a nonlinear control of an AC-DC-PWM converter dedicated to induction heating

Amel HADRI-HAMIDA, S. ZEROUALI, A. ALLAG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第2期页码 140-145 doi: 10.1007/s11708-013-0243-0

摘要： In this paper, a nonlinear control strategy applied to an AC-DC-pulse width modulation (PWM) converter is developed and simulated. First a nonlinear system modeling is derived with state variables of the input current and the output voltage by using power balance of the input and output. The system is linearized and decoupled, and then a state feedback law is obtained. For robust control of parameter perturbation, integrators are added to the exact feedback control law. The simulation is provided to verify the validity of the control algorithm.

关键词： DC-DC converter AC-DC-pulse width modulation (PWM) converter induction heating nonlinear control

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Development of an experimental platform for research in energy and electrical machine control

Ali HMIDET, Rachid DHIFAOUI, Driss SAIDANI, Othman HASNAOUI,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第3期页码 366-375 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0106-x

摘要： This paper presents the development of a test bench dedicated for electrical machines and energy control, as realized by the research team of the Power Systems and Electrical Machines Laboratory (RME) of the National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology (INSAT) in Tunisia. The principal components of the proposed test bench are explained, and the respective characteristics are given. This paper focuses on mounting low-cost sensors and developing reliable scientific results. The relevant obtained results in photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy fields, power measurement and control, as well as alternating current (AC) machine drives are likewise presented. These are supported by two signal processing controller boards based on Technosoft MCK240 and dSPACE DS1104 kits. In the wind energy field, some results relative to Self Excited Induction Generator dedicated to supplying isolated sites are discussed; in addition, water pumping is discussed for PV energy. In the AC drives area, the results of a closed loop control are presented using a developed direct voltage control (DVC) scheme implemented on dSPACE DS1104. Maps and interesting details of some realized sensors are also presented.

关键词： test bench induction motor solar energy wind energy AC/DC/AC converter sensors and power measurements

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Time reversal method for guided wave inspection in pipes

DENG Fei, WU Bin, HE Cunfu

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2008年第3卷第3期页码 251-260 doi: 10.1007/s11465-008-0050-1

摘要： The application of the time reversal method in pipe-like structures based on finite element method (FEM) is investigated. A steel pipe model measuring 70 mm × 3.5 mm is used to analyze the reflection coefficient of the (0,2) mode with the time reversal process. Simulation results show that the time reversal array method is beneficial to the improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio of a guided wave inspection system. As the intercepting window is widened, more energy is included in re-emitted signals, which leads to a large reflection coefficient of the (0,2) mode. In parallel, a circumferential locating method based on the time reversal method is described. The time reversal process used for guided wave inspection leads to the temporal and spatial focusing. When the time reversal signals are re-emitted, the angular profile obtained at the axial location of the defect can be used to determine the circumferential location of the defect. Except for a pipe with one defect, the circumferential locating method has been verified on another pipe model with two defects. Meanwhile, the elements number of the time reversal array has been discussed for enhancing the discrimination of the defect circumferential location.

关键词： reversal process beneficial circumferential location energy number

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Triboelectric nanogenerators: the beginning of blue dream

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第6期页码 635-678 doi: 10.1007/s11705-022-2271-y

摘要： Wave energy is inexhaustible renewable energy. Making full use of the huge ocean wave energy resources is the dream of mankind for hundreds of years. Nowadays, the utilization of water wave energy is mainly absorbed and transformed by electromagnetic generators (EMGs) in the form of mechanical energy. However, waves usually have low frequency and uncertainty, which means low power generation efficiency for EMGs. Fortunately, in this slow current and random direction wave case, the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has a relatively stable output power, which is suitable for collecting blue energy. This article summarizes the main research results of TENG in harvesting blue energy. Firstly, based on Maxwell’s displacement current, the basic principle of the nanogenerator is expounded. Then, four working modes and three applications of TENG are introduced, especially the application of TENG in blue energy. TENG currently used in blue energy harvesting is divided into four categories and discussed in detail. After TENG harvests water wave energy, it is meaningless if it cannot be used. Therefore, the modular storage of TENG energy is discussed. The output power of a single TENG unit is relatively low, which cannot meet the demand for high power. Thus, the networking strategy of large-scale TENG is further introduced. TENG’s energy comes from water waves, and each TENG’s output has great randomness, which is very unfavorable for the energy storage after large-scale TENG integration. On this basis, this paper discusses the power management methods of TENG. In addition, in order to further prove its economic and environmental advantages, the economic benefits of TENG are also evaluated. Finally, the development potential of TENG in the field of blue energy and some problems that need to be solved urgently are briefly summarized.

关键词： blue energy triboelectric nanogenerator water wave energy networking strategy micro/nano-energy self-powered devices

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Real-time simulation platform for photovoltaic system with a boost converter using MPPT algorithm in

Geethanjali PURUSHOTHAMAN, Vimisha VENUGOPALAN, Aleena Mariya VINCENT

《能源前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第3期页码 373-379 doi: 10.1007/s11708-013-0272-8

摘要： Recently, real-time simulation of renewable energy sources are indispensible for evaluating the performance of the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller, especially in the photovoltaic (PV) system in order to reduce cost in the testing phase. Nowadays, real time PV simulators are obtained by using analog and/or digital components. In this paper, a real-time simulation of a PV system with a boost converter was proposed using only the digital signal processor (DSP) processor with two DC voltage sources to emulate the temperature and irradiation in the PV system. A MATLAB/Simulink environment was used to develop the real-time PV system with a boost converter into a C-program and build it into a DSP controller TMS320F28335. Besides, the performance of the real-time DSP-based PV was tested in different temperature and irradiation conditions to observe the P-V and V-I characteristics. Further, the performance of the PV with a boost converter was tested at different temperatures and irradiations using MPPT algorithms. This scheme was tested through simulation and the results were validated with that of standard conditions given in the PV data sheets. Implementation of this project helped to attract more researchers to study renewable energy applications without real sources. This might facilitate the study of PV systems in a real-time scenario and the evaluation of what should be expected for PV modules available in the market.

关键词： photovoltaic (PV) module digital signal processor (DSP) controller power electronic converter real-time simulation

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行波堆：设计与开发 Review

John Gilleland, Robert Petroski, Kevan Weaver

《工程（英文）》 2016年第2卷第1期页码 88-96 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2016.01.024

摘要：

行波堆为一次通过式燃料循环反应堆，其利用堆芯自增殖大大降低了对浓缩和后处理的需求。自增殖将次临界换料燃料转化为新的临界燃料，从而使增殖燃烧波得以扩散。该理念建立在增殖燃烧波和燃料的相对移动的基础上。因此，燃料或增殖燃烧波相对于固定的观察器而言是移动的。行波堆最实用的体现就是能够在将核反应保持在同一位置的同时移动燃料——有时行波堆也被称为“驻波堆”。行波堆能够使用换料铀燃料运行，换料铀燃料包括完全贫化铀、天然铀和低浓缩铀燃料( 即235U含量为5.5 %或更低的燃料)，这些燃料通常在快谱中达不到临界状态。轻水反应堆卸出的乏燃料也可以作为行波堆的换料燃料。上述情况均无需后处理即可实现极高的燃料利用率和燃料废物量的显著降低。当换料燃料为贫化铀时，行波堆的最大优势得以实现，即在启动后，无需浓缩设施，就可维持最先启动的反应堆和一连串后续的反应堆的运行。自2006年起，泰拉能源公司(TerraPower) 与50 多个机构高度协作，开展了概念设计、工程设计和相关技术开发活动，力争到2026年实现将第一个机组投入使用。本文总结了行波堆技术，包括它的发展计划及其进展，分析了行波堆的社会和经济效益。

关键词：核能发电先进反应堆行波堆可持续性

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Laboratory experiment on using non-floating body to generate electrical energy from water waves

Arunachalam AMARKARTHIK, Srinivasan CHANDRASEKARAN, Karuppan SIVAKUMAR, Harender SINHMAR

《能源前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第4期页码 361-365 doi: 10.1007/s11708-012-0210-1

摘要： This paper describes an innovative method of using a non-buoyant body to harness ocean waves. All the point absorbers are buoyant in nature and move up due to buoyancy and come down because of gravity. The point absorbers are designed to move along the waves to make the device efficient. These devices face excessive stress during the rough weather on account of the extreme motion of waves and cause the total device failure. The present study shows that using a non-buoyant body for conventional point absorber principle is much efficient and safer than any other device proposed till today. A small scale wave energy converter with non-buoyant body was designed, fabricated and tested in small scale wave maker. An electrical generator was coupled with the device to generate electrical energy from harnessed waves. The generator was electrically loaded and the generated power was measured. It was found from the experiments that the proposed device showed a significant improvement in electricity generation and safety during extreme conditions. In addition to the electricity generation, the characteristics of the device were also studied by using various wave and device parameters.

关键词： ocean wave energy point absorbers heaving body non-floating object heave response ratio electrical energy generation

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Modeling and control of a permanent magnet synchronous generator dedicated to standalone wind energy

Louar FATEH,Ouari AHMED,Omeiri AMAR,Djellad ABDELHAK,Bouras LAKHDAR

《能源前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第2期页码 155-163 doi: 10.1007/s11708-016-0410-1

摘要： The interest for the use of renewable energies has increased, because of the increasing concerns of the environmental problems. Among renewable energies, wind energy is now widely used. Wind turbines based on an asynchronous generator with a wound rotor present the inconvenience of requiring a system of rings and brooms and a multiplier, inferring significant costs of maintenance. To limit these inconveniences, certain manufacturers developed wind turbines based on synchronous machines with large number of pairs of poles coupled directly with the turbine, avoiding using the multiplier. If the generator is equipped with permanent magnets, the system of rings and brooms is eliminated. The control of the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) can be affected with the implementation of various techniques of control. This paper presented a new approach mainly based on the control strategy of power production system based on the PMSG. In fact, a mathematical model that simulates the Matlab chain was established with the introduction of control techniques, such as direct control of the torque (DTC) to control the load side converter (LSC), the control of the speed of the turbine and the DC-bus voltage ensured by PI regulators. To show the performance of the correctors used, some simulation results of the system were presented and analyzed.

关键词： wind turbine permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) converter proportional-integral (PI) control direct control of the torque (DTC) regulation

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海洋可再生能源的前景 Review

Alistair G. L. Borthwick

《工程（英文）》 2016年第2卷第1期页码 69-78 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2016.01.011

摘要：

以化石燃料为基础的发电方式会产生大量二氧化碳，从而导致全球气候变暖。我们需要采取行动减少化石燃料的使用和二氧化碳的排放。海洋能源存在巨大潜力，但是其开发还面临着跨学科的技术、成本、投资、环境影响和政府政策等方面的问题。本文简要介绍了海上风电、潮流、洋流、潮差、波浪能、海洋热能、盐度梯度、生物能等方面的内容，简述了开采海洋可再生能源需要进行研究的领域。这些领域包括能源存储、高级材料、机器人和信息学。本文以可持续性的角度从伦理、立法、监管环境、政府政策、经济、社会和环境制约等方面给出了海洋可再生能源发展的要求，强调我们急需富有专研精神的新一代科学家解决海洋可再生能源面临的重大挑战。

关键词：海洋可再生能源海上风电潮流洋流潮差波浪能海洋热能生物能可持续性

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Rapid transaction to load variations of active filter supplied by PV system

M. BENADJA,S. SAAD,A. BELHAMRA

《能源前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第3期页码 335-344 doi: 10.1007/s11708-014-0325-7

摘要： This paper deals with the analysis and control of a photovoltaic (PV) system connected to the main supply through a Boost converter and shunt active filter supplied by a PV system providing continuous supply of nonlinear load in variation. A robust control of a PV system connected to the grid while feeding a variable nonlinear load is developed and highlighted. This development is based on the control of the Boost converter to extract the maximum power from the PV system using the Perturb and Observe (P and O) algorithm in the presence of temperature and illumination. The proposed modeling and control strategy provide power to the variable nonlinear load and facilitates the transfer of power from solar panel to the grid while improving the quality of energy (harmonic currents compensation, power factor compensation and dc bus voltage regulation). Validation of the developed model and control strategy is conducted using power system simulator Sim-Power System Blockset Matlab/Simulink. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the shunt active filter to load changes, the method of instantaneous power ( theory) is used to identify harmonic currents. The obtained results show an accurate extraction of harmonic currents and perfect compensation of both reactive power and harmonic currents with a lower THD and in accordance with the IEEE-519 standard.

关键词： solar panels maximum power point tracking (MPPT) DC/DC converter (Boost) shunt active filter instantaneous power control power quality harmonics imbalances reactive energy

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Study on wave rotor refrigerators

Yuqiang DAI, Dapeng HU, Meixia DING

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第1期页码 83-87 doi: 10.1007/s11705-009-0075-y

摘要： As a novel generation of a rotational gas wave machine, the wave rotor refrigerator (WRR) is an unsteady flow device used for refrigeration, in whose passages pressured streams directly contact and exchange energy due to the movement of pressure waves. In this paper, the working mechanism and refrigeration principle are investigated based on the one-dimensional unsteady flow theory. A basic limitation on main structural parameters and operating parameters is deduced and the wave diagram of WRR to guide designing is sketched. The main influential factors are studied through an experiment. In the DUT Gas Wave Refrigeration Studying and Development Center (GWRSDC) lab, the isentropic efficiency can now reach about 65%. The results show that the WRR is a feasible and promising technology in pressured gas refrigeration cases.

关键词： wave rotor refrigeration unsteady flow theory wave diagram