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Influence of site conditions on seismic design parameters for foundations as determined via nonlinear

Muhammad Tariq A. CHAUDHARY

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第1期页码 275-303 doi: 10.1007/s11709-021-0685-0

摘要： Site conditions, including geotechnical properties and the geological setting, influence the near-surface response of strata subjected to seismic excitation. The geotechnical parameters required for the design of foundations include mass density ( ), damping ratio ( ), shear wave velocity ( ), and soil shear modulus ( ). The values of the last three parameters are sensitive to the level of nonlinear strain induced in the strata due to seismic ground motion. In this study, the effect of variations in soil properties, such as plasticity index ( ), effective stress ( ), over consolidation ratio (OCR), impedance contrast ratio ( ) between the bedrock and the overlying strata, and depth of soil strata over bedrock ( ), on seismic design parameters ( , , and ) was investigated for National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) site classes C and D, through 1D nonlinear seismic site response analysis. The Morris one-at-a-time (OAT) sensitivity analysis indicated that , , and were significantly influenced by variations in , while affected more than it affected and . However, the influence of on these parameters was less significant. It was also found that variations in soil properties influenced seismic design parameters in soil type D more significantly than in soil type C. Predictive relationships for , , and were derived based on the 1D seismic site response analysis and sensitivity analysis results. The , , and values obtained from the analysis were compared with the corresponding values in NEHRP to determine the similarities and differences between the two sets of values. The need to incorporate and in the metrics for determining , , and for the seismic design of foundations was highlighted.

关键词： site effects 1D seismic site response analysis sensitivity analysis foundations shear wave velocity soil shear modulus

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Model testing of tripod caisson foundations in silty clay subjected to eccentric lateral loads

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第3期页码 467-476 doi: 10.1007/s11709-023-0933-6

摘要： In this study, model tests were conducted to investigate the bearing capacities of tripod caisson foundations subjected to eccentric lateral loads in silty clay. Lateral load–rotation curves of five eccentric-shaped tripod suction foundations were plotted to analyze the bearing capacities at different loading angles. It was observed that the loading angle significantly influenced the bearing capacity of the foundations, particularly for eccentric tripod caisson foundations. Compared with eccentric tripod caisson foundations, the traditional tripod foundation has a relatively high ultimate lateral capacity at the omnidirectional loading angle. By analyzing the displacement of the caissons, a formula for the rotational center of the tripod caisson foundation subjected to an eccentric lateral load was derived. The depth of the rotation center was 0.68–0.92 times the height of the caisson when the bearing capacity reached the limit. Under the undrained condition, suction was generated under the lid of the “up-lift” caisson, which helps resist lateral forces from the wind and waves.

关键词： tripod caisson foundation silty clay eccentric lateral capacity model tests

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Assessment of an alternative to deep foundations in compressible clays: the structural cell foundation

Sergio A. MARTÍNEZ-GALVÁN, Miguel P. ROMO

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第1期页码 67-80 doi: 10.1007/s11709-017-0399-5

摘要： The new type of deep foundation for buildings on saturated, compressible-low strength clayey soil deposits, branded structural cell essentially consists of a rigid concrete top slab, structurally connected to reinforced concrete peripheral walls (diaphragms) that enclose the natural soil. Accordingly, as the initial volume of the confined soft clays within the lateral stiff diaphragms will remain constant upon loading, the hollowed structural cell will be “transformed” into a very large cross-section pillar of unit weight slightly higher than that of the natural soft clayey soil. This type of foundation seems to be a highly competitive alternative to the friction pile-box foundations (widely used in Mexico City clays), due to its economic and environmental advantages. Economies result, for example, from the absence of huge excavations hence sparing the need of earth retaining structures. Further savings result from appreciably smaller concrete volumes required for building the structural cell than the friction pile-box foundation; moreover, the construction time of the former is much shorter than that of the latter. Regarding the impact to the environment, less air contamination follows from the fact that both traffic jams and soil excavation lessen appreciably. Considering these facts and others regarding scheduling, it was decided to replace 48-friction pile-box foundations specified in the master plan project by this new type of foundation. The overall behavior of these cell foundations over a five-year period is fared from close visual observations and their leveling during the first three years after their construction.

关键词： deep foundations bearing capacity resistant moment structural cell 3D numerical modeling

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Investigation of the seismic behavior of grouted sandy gravel foundations using shaking table tests

Tiancheng WANG; Yu LIANG; Xiaoyong ZHANG; Zhihuan RUAN; Guoxiong MEI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第9期页码 1196-1211 doi: 10.1007/s11709-022-0865-6

摘要： Sandy gravel foundations exhibit non-linear dynamic behavior when subjected to strong ground motions, which can have amplification effects on superstructures and can reveal insufficient lateral resistance of foundations. Grouting methods can be used to improve the seismic performance of natural sandy gravel foundations. The strength and stiffness of grouted sandy gravel foundations are different from those of natural foundations, which have unknown earthquake resistance. Few studies have investigated the seismic behavior of sandy gravel foundations before and after grouting. In this study, two shaking table tests were performed to evaluate the effect of grouting reinforcement on seismic performance. The natural frequency, acceleration amplification effect, lateral displacement, and vertical settlement of the non-grouted and grouted sandy gravel foundations were measured and compared. Additionally, the dynamic stress-strain relationships of the two foundations were obtained by a linear inversion method to evaluate the seismic energy dissipation. The test results indicated that the acceleration amplification, lateral displacement amplitude, and vertical settlement of the grouted sandy gravel foundation were lower than that of the non-grouted foundation under low-intensity earthquakes. However, a contrasting result was observed under high-intensity earthquakes. This demonstrated that different grouting reinforcement strategies are required for different sandy gravel foundations. In addition, the dynamic stress-strain relationship of the two foundations exhibited two different energy dissipation mechanisms. The results provide insights relating to the development of foundations for relevant engineering sites and to the dynamic behavior of grouted foundations prior to investigating soil-structure interaction problems.

关键词： sandy gravel foundation grouting-treated reinforcement shaking table test seismic behavior

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Innovative piled raft foundations design using artificial neural network

Meisam RABIEI, Asskar Janalizadeh CHOOBBASTI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第1期页码 138-146 doi: 10.1007/s11709-019-0585-8

摘要： Studying the piled raft behavior has been the subject of many types of research in the field of geotechnical engineering. Several studies have been conducted to understand the behavior of these types of foundations, which are often used for uniform loading on the raft and piles with the same length, while generally the transition load from the upper structure to the foundation is non-uniform and the choice of uniform length for piles in the above model will not be optimally economic and practical. The most common method in identifying the behavior of piled rafts is the use of theoretical relationships and software analyses. More precise identification of this type of foundation behavior can be very difficult due to several influential parameters and interaction of set behavior, and it will be done by doing time-consuming computer analyses or costly full-scale physical modeling. In the meantime, the technique of artificial neural networks can be used to achieve this goal with minimum time consumption, in which data from physical and numerical modeling can be used for network learning. One of the advantages of this method is the speed and simplicity of using it. In this paper, a model is presented based on multi-layer perceptron artificial neural network. In this model pile diameter, pile length, and pile spacing is considered as an input parameter that can be used to estimate maximum settlement, maximum differential settlement, and maximum raft moment. By this model, we can create an extensive domain of results for optimum system selection in the desired piled raft foundation. Results of neural network indicate its proper ability in identifying the piled raft behavior. The presented procedure provides an interesting solution and economically enhancing the design of the piled raft foundation system. This innovative design method reduces the time spent on software analyses.

关键词： innovative design piled raft foundation neural network optimization

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Detection of damage locations and damage steps in pile foundations using acoustic emissions with deep

Alipujiang JIERULA, Tae-Min OH, Shuhong WANG, Joon-Hyun LEE, Hyunwoo KIM, Jong-Won LEE

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第2期页码 318-332 doi: 10.1007/s11709-021-0715-y

摘要： The aim of this study is to propose a new detection method for determining the damage locations in pile foundations based on deep learning using acoustic emission data. First, the damage location is simulated using a back propagation neural network deep learning model with an acoustic emission data set acquired from pile hit experiments. In particular, the damage location is identified using two parameters: the pile location ( ) and the distance from the pile cap ( ). This study investigates the influences of various acoustic emission parameters, numbers of sensors, sensor installation locations, and the time difference on the prediction accuracy of and . In addition, correlations between the damage location and acoustic emission parameters are investigated. Second, the damage step condition is determined using a classification model with an acoustic emission data set acquired from uniaxial compressive strength experiments. Finally, a new damage detection and evaluation method for pile foundations is proposed. This new method is capable of continuously detecting and evaluating the damage of pile foundations in service.

关键词： pile foundations damage location acoustic emission deep learning damage step

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Linear and nonlinear elastic analysis of closely spaced strip foundations using Pasternak model

Priyanka GHOSH, S. RAJESH, J. SAI CHAND

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第2期页码 228-243 doi: 10.1007/s11709-016-0370-x

摘要： In this study, an attempt is made to determine the interaction effect of two closely spaced strip footings using Pasternak model. The study considers small strain problem and has been performed using linear as well as nonlinear elastic analysis to determine the interaction effect of two nearby strip footings. The hyperbolic stress-strain relationship has been considered for the nonlinear elastic analysis. The linear elastic analysis has been carried out by deriving the equations for the interference effect of the footings in the framework of Pasternak model equation; whereas, the nonlinear elastic analysis has been performed using the finite difference method to solve the second order nonlinear differential equation evolved from Pasternak model with proper boundary conditions. Results obtained from the linear and the nonlinear elastic analysis are presented in terms of non-dimensional interaction factors by varying different parameters like width of the foundation, load on the foundation and the depth of the rigid base. Results are suitably compared with the existing values in the literature.

关键词： bearing capacity linear and non-linear elasticity foundation interaction effect numerical modeling Pasternak model

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Foundations bearing capacity subjected to seepage by the kinematic approach of the limit analysis

Mehdi VEISKARAMI, Ghasem HABIBAGAHI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第4期页码 446-455 doi: 10.1007/s11709-013-0227-5

摘要： An estimate of the ultimate load on foundations on soil layers subject to groundwater flow has been presented. The kinematic approach of the limit analysis was employed to find the upper-bound limit of the bearing capacity. Both smooth and rough base strip foundations were considered associated with different collapse patterns. Presence of the groundwater flow leads to a non-symmetric collapse pattern, i.e., a weak side and a strong side in two-sided collapse patterns, depending on the direction of the flow. It was found that the bearing capacity has a decreasing trend with increase in the groundwater flow gradient and hence, a reduction factor has been introduced to the third term in the bearing capacity equation as a function of the flow gradient.

关键词： foundation bearing capacity limit analysis numerical computation plasticity seepage

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Analysis of foundation sliding of an arch dam considering the hydromechanical behavior

Maria Luísa Braga FARINHA, José Vieira de LEMOS, Emanuel MARANHA DAS NEVES

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第1期页码 35-43 doi: 10.1007/s11709-012-0142-1

摘要： This paper presents the application of a methodology which can be used to assess arch dam foundation stability, using the discrete element method (DEM) and the code 3DEC. A global three-dimensional model of a dam foundation was developed, in which some discontinuities were simulated and both the grout and drainage curtains were represented. The model, calibrated taking into account recorded data, was used to carry out nonlinear mechanical analysis. The same model was employed to perform a hydraulic analysis, based on equivalent continuum concepts, which allowed the water pressure pattern within the foundation to be obtained. These water pressures were applied on discontinuities involved in the possible sliding mechanism along the dam/foundation interface, and the safety of the dam/foundation system was evaluated using a process of reduction of strength characteristics, with the aim of calculating the minimum safety factors that ensure stability. Results were compared with those obtained with the usual bi-linear uplift pressure distribution at the base of the dam, commonly used in concrete dam design. The relevance of carrying out hydraulic analysis in arch dam foundation failure studies is highlighted.

关键词： concrete dams rock foundations hydromechanical behavior failure analysis

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海上风机桩式基础结构形式综合模糊优选

翟钢军,李玉刚,康海贵

《中国工程科学》 2010年第12卷第11期页码 40-46

摘要：

针对海上风机基础设计中经常遇到复杂的方案优化选型问题，将多因素、多级模糊优选理论引入到基础的设计选型中。针对影响因素复杂、确定隶属函数主观因素较强的情况，成功引入因素的优先关系法来确定优选矩阵的隶属度，较好地解决了确定隶属函数的人为影响。通过此优选模型成功地将影响基础设计选型的13 种主要因素和4 种桩基基础设计形式进行了多级模糊综合优选决策，得到了比较理想的决策结果，为海上风机基础设计选型提供了新的思路。

关键词：海上风机桩基选型优化模糊决策

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社交媒体的理论——哲学视角 Article

齐佳音, Emmanuel Monoda, 方滨兴, 邓士昌

《工程（英文）》 2018年第4卷第1期页码 94-102 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2018.02.009

摘要：

虽然已经有不少理论应用于信息系统（information system, IS）领域的社交媒体研究，但是从哲学角度系统探讨社交媒体理论基础的研究还是比较少的。本文以人与世界的关系以及人与他人的关系两个维度构建了分析社交网络用户行为的哲学理论框架。人与世界的关系维度是以笛卡尔的理性理论和海德格尔的历史性理论为基础的；人与他人的关系维度是以工具主义和“此在”思想为基础的。这个哲学框架可以帮助我们比较社交媒体研究中的几个本原理论：戈夫曼的自我呈现理论、布迪厄的社会资本理论、萨特的存在投射理论和海德格尔的“此在”理论。本文通过“人与世界的关系- 人与他人的关系”这个哲学框架，来解析这四种理论在理解社交媒体用户行为方面的效能。与此同时，研究将这四种理论的效能与IS 研究中的已有的实证研究相比较，发现虽然有些解读与实证研究的结果相匹配，但是还有一些解读尚未被实证研究，这应该是未来研究的方向。

关键词：社交媒体生活世界对他人的考虑理性历史性工具主义 &ldquo 此在&rdquo 自我呈现

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信息系统动力学的基础和应用 Article

许建峰, 刘振宇, 王树良, 郑涛, 王雅实, 王赢飞, 党迎旭

《工程（英文）》 2023年第27卷第8期页码 254-265 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.04.018

摘要：

Although numerous advances have been made in information technology in the past decades, there is still a lack of progress in information systems dynamics (ISD), owing to the lack of a mathematical foundation needed to describe information and the lack of an analytical framework to evaluate information systems. The value of ISD lies in its ability to guide the design, development, application, and evaluation of large-scale information system-of-systems (SoSs), just as mechanical dynamics theories guide mechanical systems engineering. This paper reports on a breakthrough in these fundamental challenges by proposing a framework for information space, improving a mathematical theory for information measurement, and proposing a dynamic configuration model for information systems. In this way, it establishes a basic theoretical framework for ISD. The proposed theoretical methodologies have been successfully applied and verified in the Smart Court SoSs Engineering Project of China and have achieved significant improvements in the quality and efficiency of Chinese court informatization. The proposed ISD provides an innovative paradigm for the analysis, design, development, and evaluation of large-scale complex information systems, such as electronic government and smart cities.

关键词： System-of-systems engineering Information theory Information measurement Information systems dynamics Judicial informatization

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苏通大桥主塔深水基础的设计与施工

任回兴,欧阳效勇,贺茂生,杨红,孙克强

《中国工程科学》 2009年第11卷第3期页码 38-43

摘要：

从建设条件、基础设计和施工等方面，介绍了苏通大桥主塔深水基础建设过程中在设计方面的部分考虑及施工过程中攻克深水、潮流、软基和通航等不利因素影响的一些方法，可供类似工程借鉴参考。

关键词：苏通大桥群桩基础钢吊箱冲刷防护

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港珠澳大桥大直径钢圆筒多振锤联动安装的可打性 Article

卢雯珺, 李斌, 侯晋芳, 胥新伟, 邹海峰, 张利民

《工程（英文）》 2023年第20卷第1期页码 180-191 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.07.028

摘要：

港珠澳大桥人工岛采用八振锤联动的方式将120 个直径22 m、最大重量531 t 的钢圆筒围堰打入海床，最大嵌入深度达33 m。由于缺乏相关工程经验，多锤联动下大直径钢圆筒的振动打入速率和安装时间的预测是当时面临的难题，对港珠澳大桥施工控制有相当大的影响。本文基于地质勘察、施工监测和数值
模拟，对港珠澳大桥大直径钢圆筒的振动打入过程进行了研究，对东、西人工岛钢圆筒的振动打入速率、安装精度和动力响应进行了分析。土体振动摩阻力对钢圆筒的可打性具有重要影响，但目前的振动摩阻力设计方法因无法考虑尺寸效应而欠缺准确性。因此，本研究针对大直径开口薄壁钢圆筒的非土塞工况，提出了一种土体振动摩阻力的计算方法，通过归一化的有效面积比A¯r,eff来考虑尺寸效应。采用本文提出的振动摩阻力模型进行的可打性分析结果与实测数据更接近，为今后的工程实践提供了参考。

关键词：港珠澳大桥振动沉桩波动方程分析大直径钢圆筒人工岛海洋基础

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有限元极限分析法发展及其在岩土工程中的应用

郑颖人,赵尚毅,邓楚键,刘明维,唐晓松,张黎明

《中国工程科学》 2006年第8卷第12期页码 39-61

摘要：

有限元极限分析法兼有数值分析法与经典极限分析法两者的优点，特别适用于岩土工程的分析与设计。20世纪初，国内岩土工程界应用国际上通用程序，大力发展有限元极限分析法并拓宽其在岩土工程中的应用。在基本理论研究、提高计算精度、拓宽应用范围及工程实际应用等方面取得了很大成绩。重点介绍作者及其合作者的一些研究成果。主要包括岩土工程安全系数定义、方法原理、整体失稳判据、强度准则的推导、选用及提高计算精度等方面的研究。应用范围从二维扩大到三维，从均质土坡、土基扩大到有节理的岩质边坡与岩基，从稳定渗流扩大到不稳定渗流、从边坡与地基工程扩大到隧道、还用于寻找边（滑）坡中的多个潜在滑面，进行岩土与结构共同作用的支挡结构设计，计算机仿真地基承载板载荷试验等应用项目，以逐渐达到革新岩土工程设计方法的目的。

关键词：极限分析法有限元法岩土工程边坡地基隧道