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Short-term effect of temperature variation on the competition between PAOs and GAOs during acclimation

Nanqi REN, Han KANG, Xiuheng WANG, Nan LI

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第2期页码 277-282 doi: 10.1007/s11783-010-0226-x

摘要： Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) processes was used to investigate the impact of the temperature shock on the competition between phosphorus-accumulating organisms (PAOs) and glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs) in start-up stage. During the 34 days operation, SBR was set with temperature variation(0–5 d, 22±1°C; 6–13 d, 29±1°C; 14–34 d, 14±1°C). PAOs and GAOs were analyzed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and intracellular polyphosphate granules were stained by Neisser-stain. The results showed that the influence of temperature shock on PAOs’ abundance was more serious than that on GAOs in the enriching process. Under sudden and substantially temperature variation, from 22±1°C to 29±1°C and then to 14±1°C, the domination of PAOs was deteriorated. After temperature shock, PAOs’ competitive advantages at low temperature that concluded in other study did not appear in our study. As mesophilic, GAOs (indicated by and ) were more temperature adaptive and better grew and took the domination at 14±1°C in the end. In the competition process, organisms of tetrad forming organisms (TFOs)-like shape which were considered as typical GAOs, were observed. With the evidence of poly-P granules containing by Neisser-straining and result of FISH, these organisms of TFOs-like shape were better to be assumed as adaption state or a special self-protecting shape of PAOs.

关键词： fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) tetrad forming organisms (TFOs) temperature variation enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR)

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日本“富岳”暂时称霸世界最强超级计算机排行榜

Ramin Skibba

《工程（英文）》 2021年第7卷第1期页码 6-7 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.12.003

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网络空间安全竞赛及人才管理

余翔湛,张宏莉,于海宁、田志宏、翟健宏、潘柱廷

《中国工程科学》 2016年第18卷第6期页码 49-52 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2016.06.010

摘要：

国际网络空间安全对抗的根本是人才的竞争，人才的发现与追踪是关键环节之一。本文调研了国内外网络空间安全竞赛的发展现状，分析了我国网络空间安全竞赛在网络空间安全人才发现和追踪方面存在的主要问题，提出了建立基于网络空间安全竞赛的网络空间安全人才发现和追踪的长效机制的政策建议。

关键词：网络空间安全竞赛人才发现人才追踪

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通过竞争的协调：一种更广泛适用的方法？

Robin Batterham

《工程（英文）》 2016年第2卷第3期页码 286-287 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2016.03.009

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Competition for electrons between reductive dechlorination and denitrification

Lifeng Cao, Weihua Sun, Yuting Zhang, Shimin Feng, Jinyun Dong, Yongming Zhang, Bruce E. Rittmann

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第6期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-017-0959-x

摘要： It is common that 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) coexists with nitrate or nitrite in industrial wastewaters. In this work, simultaneous reductive dechlorination of TCP and denitrification of nitrate or nitrite competed for electron donor, which led to their mutual inhibition. All inhibitions could be relieved to a certain degree by augmenting an organic electron donor, but the impact of the added electron donor was strongest for TCP. For simultaneous reduction of TCP together with nitrate, TCP’s removal rate value increased 75% and 150%, respectively, when added glucose was increased from 0.4 mmol·L to 0.5 mmol·L and to 0.76 mmol·L . For comparison, the removal rate for nitrate increased by only 25% and 114% for the same added glucose. The relationship between their initial biodegradation rates versus their initial concentrations could be represented well with the Monod model, which quantified their half-maximum-rate concentration ( value), and values for TCP, nitrate, and nitrite were larger with simultaneous reduction than independent reduction. The increases in are further evidence that competition for the electron donor led to mutual inhibition. For bioremediation of wastewater containing TCP and oxidized nitrogen, both reduction reactions should proceed more rapidly if the oxidized nitrogen is nitrite instead of nitrate and if readily biodegradable electron acceptor is augmented.

关键词： Competition for electrons Denitrification Reductive dechlorination Bioremediation Nitrate 2 4 6-trichlorophenol

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量子密码竞赛产生下一代标准算法

Chris Palmer

《工程（英文）》 2023年第21卷第2期页码 6-8 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.12.002

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THE 4C APPROACH AS A WAY TO UNDERSTAND SPECIES INTERACTIONS DETERMINING INTERCROPPING PRODUCTIVITY

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第8卷第3期页码 387-399 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2021414

摘要：

Modern agriculture needs to develop transition pathways toward agroecological, resilient and sustainable farming systems. One key pathway for such agroecological intensification is the diversification of cropping systems using intercropping and notably cereal-grain legume mixtures. Such mixtures or intercrops have the potential to increase and stabilize yields and improve cereal grain protein concentration in comparison to sole crops. Species mixtures are complex and the 4C approach is both a pedagogical and scientific way to represent the combination of four joint effects of Competition, Complementarity, Cooperation, and Compensation as processes or effects occurring simultaneously and dynamically between species over the whole cropping cycle. Competition is when plants have fairly similar requirements for abiotic resources in space and time, the result of all processes that occur when one species has a greater ability to use limiting resources (e.g., nutrients, water, space, light) than others. Complementarity is when plants grown together have different requirements for abiotic resources in space, time or form. Cooperation is when the modification of the environment by one species is beneficial to the other(s). Compensation is when the failure of one species is compensated by the other(s) because they differ in their sensitivity to abiotic stress. The 4C approach allows to assess the performance of arable intercropping versus classical sole cropping through understanding the use of abiotic resources.

关键词： compensation competition complementarity cooperation interspecific interactions land equivalent ratio light nutrients species mixtures water

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中外汽车产业管理体系对比研究

吴志新,吴松泉,申杨柳,朱一方

《中国工程科学》 2018年第20卷第1期页码 149-154 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2018.01.022

摘要：

目前，我国汽车产业正处在由大变强的关键阶段，而欧洲、美国、日本等汽车工业发达国家和地区已经形成较成熟的汽车管理体系，对我国建设和谐汽车社会和推动汽车强国建设具有重要的借鉴意义。通过对比我国与发达国家汽车产业管理体系，总结我国汽车产业管理体系存在的问题和缺陷，并借鉴发达国家经验提出包括改革车辆管理体制、推进法制化建设、发挥市场机制作用、加强战略引导、鼓励技术创新在内的优化调整建议。

关键词：法制化战略引导市场竞争管理体制

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对提高我国造船企业国际竞争能力的建议

沈劦

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第2期页码 1-4

摘要：

简要回顾了中国船舶工业18年来的发展和进步，分析了当前大中型造船厂的生产技术水平和管理现状，指出了存在的主要问题：这些正是造成我国船舶工业国际竞争能力下隆的主要原因。为了缩短同世界先进造船厂在技术水平、生产管理、成本和建造质量等方面的差距，提高造船企业在世界船舶市场中的竞争能力，提出了4点建议，供大中型造船厂领导层参考。

关键词：造船市场竞争生产模式开发计算机

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信息化与我国产业竞争力的提升

丁荣余,卢锐,盛昭瀚

《中国工程科学》 2004年第6卷第3期页码 91-94

摘要：

信息化促进了产业的发展, 并通过对需求条件、相关或支持性产业等的影响，实际上提升了产业竞争力。

关键词：信息化产业竞争力国际化

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激光器纳米测尺原理

张书练

《中国工程科学》 2005年第7卷第3期页码 27-34

摘要：

以笔者发现的激光频率分裂、模竞争、腔调谐等双折射双频激光物理效应，研制成激光器纳米测尺。激光器自身就是纳米量级位移传感器，利用腔内双折射元件把一个激光频率分裂成2个频率（⊥光模和∥光模）；当一腔镜沿激光器轴线移动并使这两个频率扫过激光增益区时，强烈和中等程度的竞争交替出现，把出光带宽分成3个等宽区间；合激光纵膜间隔为出光带宽的4/3时，在腔镜移动第一个λ/8波长内强竞争使⊥光模抑制掉∥光模，第二个λ/8波长内中度竞争使⊥光模和∥光模可一起振荡，第三个λ/8波长内强竞争使∥光模抑制掉⊥光模，第四个λ/8波长内⊥光模∥不振荡，激光器无光输出；4种状态重复一次，反射镜移动λ/2，计算出状态数，可知腔镜位移。由4个区域光偏振各不相同来判断腔镜位移方向。腔镜经一个机械测杆和被测物接触，实现被测物位移测量。测量范围已达15mm，分辩率79.08mm，线性度5×10^-6，重复性2σ优于0.314μm。该成果是激光技术和精密计量两领域交叉融合取得的自主原创性、有重要意义的突破性进展。

关键词：位移测量 HeNe激光器竞争频率分裂腔调谐纵模双折射

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Fenton oxidation of 2,4- and 2,6-dinitrotoluene and acetone inhibition

HE Yiliang, ZHAO Bin, HUGHES Joseph B., HAN Sung Soo

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2008年第2卷第3期页码 326-332 doi: 10.1007/s11783-008-0038-4

摘要： The performances and kinetic parameters of Fenton oxidation of 2,4- and 2,6-dinitrotoluene (DNT) in water-acetone mixtures and explosive contaminated soil washing-out solutions were investigated at a laboratory scale. The experimental results show that acetone can be a significant hydroxyl radical scavenger and result in serious inhibition of Fenton oxidation of 2,4- and 2,6-DNT. Although no serious inhibition was found in contaminated soil washing-out solutions, longer reaction time was needed to remove 2,4- and 2,6-DNT completely, mainly due to the competition of hydroxyl radicals. Fenton oxidation of 2,4- and 2,6-DNT fit well with the first-order kinetics and the presence of acetone also reduced DNT’s degradation kinetics. Based on the comparison and matching of retention time and ultraviolet (UV) spectra between high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and standards, the following reaction pathway for 2,4-DNT primary degradation was proposed: 2,4-DNT → 2,4-dinitro-benzaldehyde → 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid → 1,3-dinitrobenzene → 3-nitrophenol.

关键词： presence 2 4-DNT competition laboratory scavenger

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我国铁路工程勘察设计质量指标和因素统计分析

谢洪涛,陈帆

《中国工程科学》 2011年第13卷第4期页码 96-100

摘要：

为深入了解我国铁路勘察设计质量的现状，开展了较大范围的问卷调查工作。调查的内容主要包括两个部分：铁路勘察设计质量的现状以及影响铁路勘察设计质量的主要因素。在问卷调查的基础上，利用SPSS软件对统计数据进行了频数分析、描述性统计分析、相关性分析、因子分析等。通过对调查问卷的统计计算，分析了我国铁路勘察设计质量的现状及存在的主要问题，分析了影响我国铁路勘察设计质量的主要因素，并提出了相应的对策。

关键词：勘察设计质量评价竞争机制主成分相关性分析

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CAESAR竞赛认证加密算法设计分析与安全性评估进展 None

Fan ZHANG, Zi-yuan LIANG, Bo-lin YANG, Xin-jie ZHAO, Shi-ze GUO, Kui REN

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第19卷第12期页码 1475-1499 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1800576

摘要： CAESAR竞赛是2013年由美国国家标准与技术研究院（NIST）资助的认证加密算法征集竞赛，旨在征集综合性能和安全性优于AES-GCM的认证加密算法，能够同时实现完整性和机密性。最后入围的算法可能被推荐至工业界并标准化。竞赛分3个轮次，第3轮在2018年结束。本文首先介绍CAESAR竞赛候选算法的设计要求和筛选进展，然后从设计结构和加密模式两方面对最后一轮候选算法进行归类，之后综述了候选算法的综合性能与安全性分析进展，最后探讨了认证加密算法的设计和分析研究趋势。

关键词： CAESAR竞赛；认证加密算法；分组密码；序列密码；哈希函数；安全性评估

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Aslotted floor acquisitionmultiple access based MACprotocol for underwater acoustic networks withRTS competition

Liang-fang QIAN,Sen-lin ZHANG,Mei-qin LIU

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第16卷第3期页码 217-226 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1400187

摘要： Long propagation delay, limited bandwidth, and high bit error rate pose great challenges in media access control (MAC) protocol design for underwater acoustic networks. A MAC protocol called slotted floor acquisition multiple access (slotted-FAMA) suitable for underwater acoustic networks is proposed and analyzed. This FAMA based protocol adds a time slot mechanism to avoid DATA packet collisions. However, slotted-FAMA is not suitable for dense networks since the multiple request-to-send (RTS) attempts problem in dense networks is serious and greatly limits the network throughput. To overcome this drawback, this paper proposes a slotted-FAMA based MAC protocol for underwater acoustic networks, called RC-SFAMA. RC-SFAMA introduces an RTS competition mechanism to keep the network from high frequency of backoff caused by the multiple RTS attempts problem. Via the RTS competition mechanism, useful data transmission can be completed successfully when the situation of multiple RTS attempts occurs. Simulation results show that RC-SFAMA increases the network throughput efficiency as compared with slotted-FAMA, and minimizes the energy consumption.

关键词： Underwater acoustic networks Medium access control (MAC) Request-to-send (RTS) competition Throughput Energy consumption