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Astrocytes in depression and Alzheimer’s disease

《医学前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第6期页码 829-841 doi: 10.1007/s11684-021-0875-0

摘要： Astrocytes are an abundant subgroup of cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that play a critical role in controlling neuronal circuits involved in emotion, learning, and memory. In clinical cases, multiple chronic brain diseases may cause psychosocial and cognitive impairment, such as depression and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). For years, complex pathological conditions driven by depression and AD have been widely perceived to contribute to a high risk of disability, resulting in gradual loss of self-care ability, lower life qualities, and vast burden on human society. Interestingly, correlational research on depression and AD has shown that depression might be a prodrome of progressive degenerative neurological disease. As a kind of multifunctional glial cell in the CNS, astrocytes maintain physiological function via supporting neuronal cells, modulating pathologic niche, and regulating energy metabolism. Mounting evidence has shown that astrocytic dysfunction is involved in the progression of depression and AD. We herein review the current findings on the roles and mechanisms of astrocytes in the development of depression and AD, with an implication of potential therapeutic avenue for these diseases by targeting astrocytes.

关键词： astrocytes depression Alzheimer’s disease roles mechanisms

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Type 2 diabetes is causally associated with depression: a Mendelian randomization analysis

Liping Xuan, Zhiyun Zhao, Xu Jia, Yanan Hou, Tiange Wang, Mian Li, Jieli Lu, Yu Xu, Yuhong Chen, Lu Qi, Weiqing Wang, Yufang Bi, Min Xu

《医学前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第6期页码 678-687 doi: 10.1007/s11684-018-0671-7

摘要：

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been associated with a high prevalence of depression. We aimed to determine the causal relation by performing a Mendelian randomization (MR) study using 34 T2D risk genetic variants validated in East Asians as the instrumental variable (IV). An MR analysis was performed involving 11 506 participants from a large longitudinal study. The T2D genetic risk score (GRS) was built using the 34 typical T2D common variants. We used T2D_GRS as the IV estimator and performed inverse-variance weighted (IVW) and Egger MR analysis. The T2D_GRS was found to be associated with depression with an OR of 1.21 (95% CI: 1.07–1.37) after adjustments for age, sex, body mass index, current smoking and drinking, physical activity, education, and marital status. Using T2D_GRS as the IV, we similarly found a causal relationship between genetically determined T2D and depression (OR: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.25–2.70). Though we found no association between the combined effect of the genetic IVs for T2D and depression with Egger MR (OR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.42–2.14), we found an association for T2D and depression with IVW (OR: 1.75, 95% CI: 1.31–2.46) after excluding pleiotropic SNPs. Overall, the MR analyses provide evidence inferring a potential causal relationship between T2D and depression.

关键词： causal modeling depression Mendelian randomization type 2 diabetes

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Dihydroartemisinin increased the abundance of by YAP1 depression that sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma

《医学前沿（英文）》 doi: 10.1007/s11684-022-0978-2

摘要： The effect of anti-programmed cell death 1 (anti-PD-1) immunotherapy is limited in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) expression increased in liver tumor cells in early HCC, and Akkermansia muciniphila abundance decreased in the colon. The response to anti-PD-1 treatment is associated with A. muciniphila abundance in many tumors. However, the interaction between A. muciniphila abundance and YAP1 expression remains unclear in HCC. Here, anti-PD-1 treatment decreased A. muciniphila abundance in the colon, but increased YAP1 expression in the tumor cells by mice with liver tumors in situ. Mechanistically, hepatocyte-specific Yap1 knockout (Yap1^LKO) maintained bile acid homeostasis in the liver, resulting in an increased abundance of A. muciniphila in the colon. Yap1 knockout enhanced anti-PD-1 efficacy. Therefore, YAP1 inhibition is a potential target for increasing A. muciniphila abundance to promote anti-PD-1 efficacy in liver tumors. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), acting as YAP1 inhibitor, increased A. muciniphila abundance to sensitize anti-PD-1 therapy. A. muciniphila by gavage increased the number and activation of CD8⁺T cells in liver tumor niches during DHA treatment or combination with anti-PD-1. Our findings suggested that the combination anti-PD-1 with DHA is an effective strategy for liver tumor treatment.

关键词： hepatocellular carcinoma YAP1 Akkermansia muciniphila anti-PD-1 dihydroartemisinin bile acid

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Association of maternal depression with dietary intake, growth, and development of preterm infants: a

Han Wang, Hong Zhou, Yan Zhang, Yan Wang, Jing Sun

《医学前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第5期页码 533-541 doi: 10.1007/s11684-017-0591-y

摘要：

This study aimed to explore the association of maternal depression with nutrient intake, growth, and development of preterm infants. A cohort study of 201 infants was conducted in Beijing. Based on the gestational age of an infant and status of the mother, the infants were divided into four groups: non-depression-fullterm (64), non-depression-preterm (70), depression-fullterm (36), and depression-preterm (31). Data on sociodemographic characteristics, nutritional intake, growth, and developmental status of children at 8 months (corrected ages) were collected using a quantitative questionnaire, a 24-Hour Dietary Recall, anthropometric measurements, and the Bayley-III scale. A multivariate analysis was used to evaluate the effects of maternal depression and preterm birth on infant growth and development. The energy, protein, and carbohydrate intake in the depression group was lower than the recommended amounts. The depression preterm groups indicated the lowest Z-scores for length and weight and the lowest Bayley-III scores. Preterm infants of depressed mothers are at high risks of poor growth and development delay.

关键词： maternal depression preterm infant nutrition growth development

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Cannabidiol prevents depressive-like behaviors through the modulation of neural stem cell differentiation

《医学前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第2期页码 227-239 doi: 10.1007/s11684-021-0896-8

摘要： Chronic stress impairs radial neural stem cell (rNSC) differentiation and adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN), whereas promoting AHN can increase stress resilience against depression. Therefore, investigating the mechanism of neural differentiation and AHN is of great importance for developing antidepressant drugs. The nonpsychoactive phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) has been shown to be effective against depression. However, whether CBD can modulate rNSC differentiation and hippocampal neurogenesis is unknown. Here, by using the chronic restraint stress (CRS) mouse model, we showed that hippocampal rNSCs mostly differentiated into astrocytes under stress conditions. Moreover, transcriptome analysis revealed that the FoxO signaling pathway was involved in the regulation of this process. The administration of CBD rescued depressive-like symptoms in CRS mice and prevented rNSCs overactivation and differentiation into astrocyte, which was partly mediated by the modulation of the FoxO signaling pathway. These results revealed a previously unknown neural mechanism for neural differentiation and AHN in depression and provided mechanistic insights into the antidepressive effects of CBD.

关键词： cannabidiol depression radial neural stem cells neurogenesis

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易凝高粘原油管输技术及其发展

张劲军

《中国工程科学》 2002年第4卷第6期页码 71-76

摘要：

我国所产原油80%以上为凝点较高的含蜡原油和粘稠的重质原油，其节能、安全输送一直是我国油气储运界面临的主要技术难题。简要介绍了这两类原油的流动特性及机理，概括了原油降凝减阻输送技术研究和应用的现状，分析了其发展趋势，提出了进一步研究需重点解决的问题。预计化学降凝剂改性仍将是含蜡原油节能安全输送技术的发展方向，目前需重点攻克大庆原油改性的难关；稠油乳化降粘减阻技术将得到更多的应用，在我国目前应重点针对海上油田的油水混输管道开展研究。现有技术的提升、新技术的涌现，有赖于基础研究的突破、技术路线的大胆创新和相关。

关键词：管道输送石蜡基原油重质原油降凝减阻化学添加剂

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中国古生代海相油气成藏特征

康玉柱

《中国工程科学》 2010年第12卷第5期页码 11-17

摘要：

1970―1978年笔者在塔里木油气地质调研中首次提出古生代有发育的烃源岩，1984年沙参2井实现了古生代海相油田的首次重大突破。1992年通过多个古生代油气田深入研究建立了古生代海相油气成藏理论。其理论内涵：叠加复合盆地成藏，多时代多层系生油，多期成藏，多时代多类型储盖组合，多成藏模式，油气主要分布在古隆起、古斜坡、断裂带和不整合面附近。

关键词：古生代海相油气田盆地隆起坳陷油气分布

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济阳坳陷渤南洼陷页岩油气形成条件研究

张善文,王永诗,张林晔,李政, 朱家俊,巩建强,郝运轻

《中国工程科学》 2012年第14卷第6期页码 49-55

摘要：

通过大量地震、钻井、测井、矿物、地球化学、物性资料分析，认为济阳坳陷渤南洼陷古近系沙一段、沙三下和沙四上亚段页岩分布面积广，有机质丰度高，有机质类型以I—II型为主，有机质成熟度分布范围宽，具备形成大量页岩油气的物质基础，三套泥页岩全岩矿物组成中粘土矿物含量低，脆性矿物含量高，以碳酸盐含量为主，利于页岩油气的开采。页岩中压力系数高，各类微孔隙、微裂缝发育，从而容易形成网状的油气储存体系，利于页岩油气的保存。含油、水饱和度分析资料显示，渤南洼陷沙三下亚段12上—13上层组页岩中具有较高的单位岩石含油气量，是页岩油气勘探的有利层段，其中的纹层状泥质灰岩是最有利的岩石类型，具有较好的页岩油气勘探前景。

关键词：页岩油气古近系陆相页岩矿物组成有机碳含量