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Fabrication and performance of PEN SOFCs with proton-conducting electrolyte

ZHONG Li, LUO Jingli, Karl Chuang

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2007年 第1卷 第1期   页码 40-44 doi: 10.1007/s11705-007-0008-6

摘要： A positive-electrolyte-negative (PEN) assembly solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with a thin electrolyte film for intermediate temperature operation was fabricated. Instead of the traditional screen-printing method, both anode and cathode catalysts were pressed simultaneously and formed with the fabrication of nano-composite electrolyte by press method. This design offered some advantageous configurations that diminished ohmic resistance between electrolyte and electrodes. It also increased the proton-conducting rate and improved the performance of SOFC due to the reduction of membrane thickness and good contact between electrolyte and electrodes. The fabricated PEN cell generated electricity between 600?C and 680?C using HS as fuel feed and air as oxidant. Maximum power densities 40 mW " cm and 130 mW " cm for the PEN configuration with a Mo-Ni-S-based composite anode, nano-composite electrolyte (LiSO+AlO) film and a NiO-based composite cathode were achieved at 600?C and 680?C, respectively.

关键词： proton-conducting     positive-electrolyte-negative     temperature operation     Mo-Ni-S-based composite     advantageous    

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质子导体燃料电池阴极材料的研究及发展概述

赵凌,夏长荣

《中国工程科学》 2013年 第15卷 第2期   页码 88-97

摘要：

能源危机和环境污染是全世界在可持续发展道路中所面临的难题。固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）具有高能量转化效率和低污染排放，被认为是未来能源经济的基石。其中，以质子导体作为电解质的固体氧化物燃料电池（H-SOFC）由于具有高燃料利用率、高理论电动势、高离子迁移数以及低传导活化能，因而备受关注。然而，与氧离子导体固体氧化物燃料电池（O-SOFC）相比，H-SOFC的材料选择和理论体系还处于初级阶段，尤其是H-SOFC的阴极。在H-SOFC中，氢气在阳极被氧化，形成质子，通过电解质迁移到阴极，而后与氧进行电极反应生成水，其阴极的电极过程比O-SOFC更为复杂。寻找高性能的阴极材料和探索H-SOFC中的阴极反应机理，对于H-SOFC的发展具有重要的意义。围绕质子导体阴极材料的发展进行深入调研，着重阐述和总结了不同传导类型的阴极材料的电化学行为及其反应模型，为H-SOFC阴极材料的发展和应用提供了一种思路。

关键词： 固体氧化物燃料电池     质子导体     阴极材料     反应模型    

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Development of an electrorheological chip and conducting polymer based sensor

Xianzhou ZHANG, Weihua LI, Weijia WEN, Yanzhe WU, Gordon WALLACE,

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2009年 第4卷 第4期   页码 472-472 doi: 10.1007/s11465-009-0077-y

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TiO supported IrO for anode reversal tolerance in proton exchange membrane fuel cell

《能源前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第5期   页码 852-861 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0811-7

摘要： Fuel starvation can occur and cause damage to the cell when proton exchange membrane fuel cells operate under complex working conditions. In this case, carbon corrosion occurs. Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts can alleviate carbon corrosion by introducing water electrolysis at a lower potential at the anode in fuel shortage. The mixture of hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and unsupported OER catalyst not only reduces the electrolysis efficiency, but also influences the initial performance of the fuel cell. Herein, Ti4O7 supported IrOx is synthesized by utilizing the surfactant-assistant method and serves as reversal tolerant components in the anode. When the cell reverse time is less than 100 min, the cell voltage of the MEA added with IrOx/Ti4O7 has almost no attenuation. Besides, the MEA has a longer reversal time (530 min) than IrOx (75 min), showing an excellent reversal tolerance. The results of electron microscopy spectroscopy show that IrOx particles have a good dispersity on the surface of Ti4O7 and IrOx/Ti4O7 particles are uniformly dispersed on the anode catalytic layer. After the stability test, the Ti4O7 support has little decay, demonstrating a high electrochemical stability. IrOx/Ti4O7 with a high dispersity has a great potential to the application on the reversal tolerance anode of the fuel cell.

关键词： proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)     fuel starvation     cell reverse     reversal tolerance anode     oxygen evolution reaction    

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Development of electrorheological chip and conducting polymer-based sensor

Xianzhou ZHANG, Weihua LI, Weijia WEN, Yanzhe WU, Gordon WALLACE,

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2009年 第4卷 第4期   页码 393-396 doi: 10.1007/s11465-009-0043-8

摘要： This paper presents the development of an integrated sensor using two types of smart materials: electrorheological (ER) fluids and conducting polymers (CPs). The developed ER chip worked as an actuator, and it was driven by different voltages and control frequencies. When the four electrodes are controlled synchronously, the diaphragm acts as a vibrator whose frequency can be adjusted in accordance with the frequency of the electrical signals. The response signals of the CP sensor were recorded, and its properties were analyzed. Experimental results show that the amplitude decreases monotonically when the frequency increases, owing to the time delay in the pressure buildup in the ER chip. However, the displacement fluctuation of the diaphragm below 20Hz can be detected clearly even if the value is very low. When the vibration frequency is larger than 20Hz, the CP sensor can hardly detect the displacement fluctuation. Thus, the upper limit frequency that the CP sensor can detect is about 20Hz. The practical applications of this microdevice are also discussed.

关键词： electrorheological (ER) fluids     conducting polymer (CP)     polydimethylsioxane (PDMS)     driving frequency     amplitude     bubble counter    

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Overcoming the challenges of conducting translational research in cell therapy

Sowmya Viswanathan, Armand Keating

《医学前沿（英文）》 2011年 第5卷 第4期   页码 333-335 doi: 10.1007/s11684-011-0166-2

摘要： Cell therapy holds promise in addressing a number of unmet medical needs but despite its considerable impetus, faces numerous challenges including support for translational research in this area. Here, we examine the challenges confronting cell therapy research including the limited funding available for translational research partly due to the uncompetitive nature of required validation studies in cell therapy that of necessity are not hypothesis-driven. Other issues include lack of standardization of definitions of cell products, uncertainty regarding optimum preclinical animal models, duplication of efforts to secure regulatory approval and a lack of uniformity of nomenclature for some cell products. Nonetheless, several initiatives to address all of these issues are underway.

关键词： stem cells     clinical trials     funding     animal models     standardization     common definitions    

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Spin polarization strategy to deploy proton resource over atomic-level metal sites for highly selective

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第12期   页码 1772-1781 doi: 10.1007/s11705-022-2197-4

摘要： Unlocking of the extremely inert C=O bond during electrochemical CO2 reduction demands subtle regulation on a key “resource”, protons, necessary for intermediate conversion but also readily trapped in water splitting, which is still challenging for developing efficient single-atom catalysts limited by their structural simplicity usually incompetent to handle this task. Incorporation of extra functional units should be viable. Herein, a proton deployment strategy is demonstrated via “atomic and nanostructured iron (A/N-Fe) pairs”, comprising atomically dispersed iron active centers spin-polarized by nanostructured iron carbide ferromagnets, to boost the critical protonation steps. The as-designed catalyst displays a broad window (300 mV) for CO selectivity > 90% (98% maximum), even outperforming numerous cutting-edge M–N–C systems. The well-placed control of proton dynamics by A/N-Fe can promote *COOH/*CO formation and simultaneously suppress H2 evolution, benefiting from the magnetic-proximity-induced exchange splitting (spin polarization) that properly adjusts energy levels of the Fe sites’ d-shells, and further those of the adsorbed intermediates’ antibonding molecular orbitals.

关键词： CO2 electrolysis     single-atom catalysts     spin polarization     proton dynamics     in situ IR spectroscopy     kinetic isotope effect    

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design of novel proton-pump inhibitors with reduced adverse effects

Xiaoyi Li, Hong Kang, Wensheng Liu, Sarita Singhal, Na Jiao, Yong Wang, Lixin Zhu, Ruixin Zhu

《医学前沿（英文）》 2019年 第13卷 第2期   页码 277-284 doi: 10.1007/s11684-018-0630-3

摘要： The development of new proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) with less adverse effects by lowering the pKa values of nitrogen atoms in pyrimidine rings has been previously suggested by our group. In this work, we proposed that new PPIs should have the following features: (1) number of ring II= number of ring I+ 1; (2) preferably five, six, or seven-membered heteroatomic ring for stability; and (3) 1

关键词： proton-pump inhibitor     adverse effect     pharmacological mechanism     toxicological mechanism     pKa calculation    

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Microfluidic dual loops reactor for conducting a multistep reaction

Si Hyung Jin, Jae-Hoon Jung, Seong-Geun Jeong, Jongmin Kim, Tae Jung Park, Chang-Soo Lee

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2018年 第12卷 第2期   页码 239-246 doi: 10.1007/s11705-017-1680-9

摘要： Precise control of each individual reaction that constitutes a multistep reaction must be performed to obtain the desired reaction product efficiently. In this work, we present a microfluidic dual loops reactor that enables multistep reaction by integrating two identical loop reactors. Specifically, reactants A and B are synthesized in the first loop reactor and transferred to the second loop reactor to synthesize with reactant C to form the final product. These individual reactions have nano-liter volumes and are carried out in a stepwise manner in each reactor without any cross-contamination issue. To precisely control the mixing efficiency in each loop reactor, we investigate the operating pressure and the operating frequency on the mixing valves for rotary mixing. This microfluidic dual loops reactor is integrated with several valves to realize the fully automated unit operation of a multistep reaction, such as metering the reactants, rotary mixing, transportation, and collecting the product. For proof of concept, CdSeZn nanoparticles are successfully synthesized in a microfluidic dual loops reactor through a fully automated multistep reaction. Taking all of these features together, this microfluidic dual loops reactor is a general microfluidic screening platform that can synthesize various materials through a multistep reaction.

关键词： microfluidics     multistep reaction     rotary mixing     nanoparticle    

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Ionic liquid modified Pt/C electrocatalysts for cathode application in proton exchange membrane fuel

Huixin Zhang, Jinying Liang, Bangwang Xia, Yang Li, Shangfeng Du

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2019年 第13卷 第4期   页码 695-701 doi: 10.1007/s11705-019-1838-8

摘要： The modification of Pt/C catalyst by using ionic liquids to improve their catalyst activities has been reported by many researchers, but their practical behavior in operating fuel cells is still unknown. In this work, we study the ionic liquid modified Pt/C nanoparticle catalysts within cathodes for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. The influence of the ionic liquid amount, adsorption times and dispersing solvents are investigated. The experiment results show the best performance enhancement is achieved through two-time surface modification with 2 wt-% ionic liquid solution. The mechanisms are explored with the attribution to the high oxygen solubility in the ionic liquid enabling an improved oxygen diffusion in micropores and to good hydrophobicity facilitating water expelling from the active sites in fuel cell operation.

关键词： ionic liquid     PEMFC     electrode     oxygen reduction reaction     electrocatalyst     adsorption    

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Study on the growth of platinum nanowires as cathode catalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Ruiqing Wang, Xiaolan Cao, Sheng Sui, Bing Li, Qingfeng Li

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第3期   页码 364-375 doi: 10.1007/s11705-021-2052-z

摘要： The platinum nanowires have been verified to be a promising catalyst to promote the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. In this paper, accurately controlled growth of nanowires in a carbon matrix is achieved for reducing Pt loading. The effects of formic acid concentration and reaction temperature on the morphology and size of the Pt nanowires, as well as their electrochemical performances in a single cell, are investigated. The results showed that the increase in the formic acid concentration results in a volcano trend with the length of Pt nanowires. With increasing reduction temperature, the diameter of Pt nanowires increases while Pt particles evolve from one-dimensional to zero-dimensional up to 40 °C. A mechanism of the Pt nanowires growth is proposed. The optimized Pt nanowires electrode exhibits a power density (based on electrochemical active surface area) 79% higher than conventional Pt/C one. The control strategy obtained contributes to the design and control of novel nanostructures in nano-synthesis and catalyst applications.

关键词： Pt nanowires     morphology     structure control     in situ growth mechanism     proton exchange membrane fuel cells    

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Exploration of the oxygen transport behavior in non-precious metal catalyst-based cathode catalyst layer for proton

Shiqu CHEN, Silei XIANG, Zehao TAN, Huiyuan LI, Xiaohui YAN, Jiewei YIN, Shuiyun SHEN, Junliang ZHANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年 第17卷 第1期   页码 123-133 doi: 10.1007/s11708-022-0849-1

摘要： High cost has undoubtedly become the biggest obstacle to the commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), in which Pt-based catalysts employed in the cathodic catalyst layer (CCL) account for the major portion of the cost. Although non-precious metal catalysts (NPMCs) show appreciable activity and stability in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), the performance of fuel cells based on NPMCs remains unsatisfactory compared to those using Pt-based CCL. Therefore, most studies on NPMC-based fuel cells focus on developing highly active catalysts rather than facilitating oxygen transport. In this work, the oxygen transport behavior in CCLs based on highly active Fe-N-C catalysts is comprehensively explored through the elaborate design of two types of membrane electrode structures, one containing low-Pt-based CCL and NPMC-based dummy catalyst layer (DCL) and the other containing only the NPMC-based CCL. Using Zn-N-C based DCLs of different thickness, the bulk oxygen transport resistance at the unit thickness in NPMC-based CCL was quantified via the limiting current method combined with linear fitting analysis. Then, the local and bulk resistances in NPMC-based CCLs were quantified via the limiting current method and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Results show that the ratios of local and bulk oxygen transport resistances in NPMC-based CCL are 80% and 20%, respectively, and that an enhancement of local oxygen transport is critical to greatly improve the performance of NPMC-based PEMFCs. Furthermore, the activity of active sites per unit in NPMC-based CCLs was determined to be lower than that in the Pt-based CCL, thus explaining worse cell performance of NPMC-based membrane electrode assemblys (MEAs). It is believed that the development of NPMC-based PEMFCs should proceed not only through the design of catalysts with higher activity but also through the improvement of oxygen transport in the CCL.

关键词： proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs)     non-precious metal catalyst (NPMC)     cathode catalyst layer (CCL)     local and bulk oxygen transport resistance    

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Oxygen reduction electrocatalysis: From conventional to single-atomic platinum-based catalysts for proton

《能源前沿（英文）》 doi: 10.1007/s11708-023-0907-3

摘要： Platinum (Pt)-based materials are still the most efficient and practical catalysts to drive the sluggish kinetics of cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, their catalysis and stability performance still need to be further improved in terms of corrosion of both carbon support and Pt catalyst particles as well as Pt loading reduction. Based on the developed synthetic strategies of alloying/nanostructuring Pt particles and modifying/innovating supports in developing conventional Pt-based catalysts, Pt single-atom catalysts (Pt SACs) as the recently burgeoning hot materials with a potential to achieve the maximum utilization of Pt are comprehensively reviewed in this paper. The design thoughts and synthesis of various isolated, alloyed, and nanoparticle-contained Pt SACs are summarized. The single-atomic Pt coordinating with non-metals and alloying with metals as well as the metal-support interactions of Pt single-atoms with carbon/non-carbon supports are emphasized in terms of the ORR activity and stability of the catalysts. To advance further research and development of Pt SACs for viable implementation in PEMFCs, various technical challenges and several potential research directions are outlined.

关键词： oxygen reduction electrocatalysis     Pt single-atom catalysts     conventional Pt-based catalysts     design thoughts and synthesis     metal-support interactions    

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Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)/zirconium tricarboxybutylphosphonate composite proton-exchange membranes

GAO Qijun, HUANG Mianyan, WANG Yuxin, CAI Yuquan, XU Li

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2008年 第2卷 第1期   页码 95-101 doi: 10.1007/s11705-008-0012-5

摘要： Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) is a very promising alternative membrane material for direct methanol fuel cells. However, with a fairly high degree of sulfonation (DS), SPEEK membranes can swell excessively and even dissolve at high temperature. This restricts membranes from working above a high tolerable temperature to get high proton conductivity. To deal with this contradictory situation, insolvable zirconium tricarboxybutylphosphonate (Zr(PBTC)) powder was employed to make a composite with SPEEK polymer in an attempt to improve temperature tolerance of the membranes. SPEEK/Zr(PBTC) composite membranes were obtained by casting a homogeneous mixture of Zr(PBTC) and SPEEK in N,N-dimethylacetamide on a glass plate and then evaporating the solvent at 60°C. Many characteristics were investigated, including thermal stability, liquid uptake, methanol permeability and proton conductivity. Results showed significant improvement not only in temperature tolerance, but also in methanol resistance of the SPEEK/Zr(PBTC) composite membranes. The membranes containing 30 wt-% ∼ 40 wt-% of Zr(PBTC) had their methanol permeability around 10 cm·s at room temperature to 80°C, which was one order of magnitude lower than that of Nafion115. High proton conductivity of the composite membranes, however, could also be achieved from higher temperature applied. At 100% relative humidity, above 90°C the conductivity of the composite membrane containing 40 wt-% of Zr(PBTC) exceeded that of the Nafion115 membrane and even reached a high value of 0.36 S·cm at 160°C. Improved applicable temperature and high conductivity of the composite membrane indicated its promising application in DMFC operations at high temperature.

关键词： homogeneous mixture     PBTC     zirconium tricarboxybutylphosphonate     Nafion115     DMFC    

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Recent advances in cathode electrocatalysts for PEM fuel cells

Junliang ZHANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2011年 第5卷 第2期   页码 137-148 doi: 10.1007/s11708-011-0153-y

摘要： Great progress has been made in the past two decades in the development of the electrocatalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). This review article is focused on recent advances made in the kinetic-activity improvement on platinum- (Pt-) based cathode electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The origin of the limited ORR activity of Pt catalysts is discussed, followed by a review on the development of Pt alloy catalysts, Pt monolayer catalysts, and shape- and facet-controlled Pt-alloy nanocrystal catalysts. Mechanistic understanding is reviewed as well on the factors contributing to the enhanced ORR activity of these catalysts. Finally, future directions for PEMFC catalyst research are proposed.

关键词： proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs)     cathode electrocatalysts     platinum     oxygen reduction reaction (ORR)    

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标题 作者 时间 类型 操作

Fabrication and performance of PEN SOFCs with proton-conducting electrolyte

ZHONG Li, LUO Jingli, Karl Chuang

期刊论文

质子导体燃料电池阴极材料的研究及发展概述

赵凌,夏长荣

期刊论文

Development of an electrorheological chip and conducting polymer based sensor

Xianzhou ZHANG, Weihua LI, Weijia WEN, Yanzhe WU, Gordon WALLACE,

期刊论文

TiO supported IrO for anode reversal tolerance in proton exchange membrane fuel cell

期刊论文

Development of electrorheological chip and conducting polymer-based sensor

Xianzhou ZHANG, Weihua LI, Weijia WEN, Yanzhe WU, Gordon WALLACE,

期刊论文

Overcoming the challenges of conducting translational research in cell therapy

Sowmya Viswanathan, Armand Keating

期刊论文

Spin polarization strategy to deploy proton resource over atomic-level metal sites for highly selective

期刊论文

design of novel proton-pump inhibitors with reduced adverse effects

Xiaoyi Li, Hong Kang, Wensheng Liu, Sarita Singhal, Na Jiao, Yong Wang, Lixin Zhu, Ruixin Zhu

期刊论文

Microfluidic dual loops reactor for conducting a multistep reaction

Si Hyung Jin, Jae-Hoon Jung, Seong-Geun Jeong, Jongmin Kim, Tae Jung Park, Chang-Soo Lee

期刊论文

Ionic liquid modified Pt/C electrocatalysts for cathode application in proton exchange membrane fuel

Huixin Zhang, Jinying Liang, Bangwang Xia, Yang Li, Shangfeng Du

期刊论文

Study on the growth of platinum nanowires as cathode catalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Ruiqing Wang, Xiaolan Cao, Sheng Sui, Bing Li, Qingfeng Li

期刊论文

Exploration of the oxygen transport behavior in non-precious metal catalyst-based cathode catalyst layer for proton

Shiqu CHEN, Silei XIANG, Zehao TAN, Huiyuan LI, Xiaohui YAN, Jiewei YIN, Shuiyun SHEN, Junliang ZHANG

期刊论文

Oxygen reduction electrocatalysis: From conventional to single-atomic platinum-based catalysts for proton

期刊论文

Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)/zirconium tricarboxybutylphosphonate composite proton-exchange membranes

GAO Qijun, HUANG Mianyan, WANG Yuxin, CAI Yuquan, XU Li

期刊论文

Recent advances in cathode electrocatalysts for PEM fuel cells

Junliang ZHANG

期刊论文