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低成本 2

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Life-cycle cost analysis of optimal timing of pavement preservation

Zilong WANG,Hao WANG

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第1期页码 17-26 doi: 10.1007/s11709-016-0369-3

摘要： Optimal application of pavement preservation or preventive maintenance is critical for highway agencies to allocate the limited budget for different treatments. This study developed an integrated life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) model to quantify the impact of pavement preservation on agency cost and vehicle operation cost (VOC) and analyzed the optimal timing of preservation treatments. The international roughness index (IRI) data were extracted from the long-term pavement performance (LTPP) program specific pavement studies 3 (SPS-3) to determine the long-term effectiveness of preservation treatments on IRI deterioration. The traffic loading and the initial IRI value significantly affects life extension and the benefit of agency cost caused by pavement preservation. The benefit in VOC is one to two orders greater in magnitude as compared to the benefit in agency cost. The optimal timing calculated based on VOC is always earlier than the optimal timing calculated based on agency cost. There are considerable differences among the optimal timing of three preservation treatments.

关键词： pavement preservation life-cycle cost analysis agency cost vehicle operation cost

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Comparative cost analysis of three different anesthesia methods in gynecological laparoscopic surgery

null

《医学前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第3期页码 311-316 doi: 10.1007/s11684-012-0205-7

摘要：

In the current study, we assessed and evaluated the costs and benefits of three popular methods of general anesthesia practiced in our department for gynecological laparoscopic surgery in recent years. Sixty adult female patients who underwent elective gynecological laparoscopic surgery under general anesthesia were randomly divided into three groups: group V, group I and group C. In group V, anesthesia was induced intravenously with midazolam, remifentanil, propofol and vecuronium, and maintained with continuous infusion of propofol and remifentanil. In group I, anesthesia was intravenously induced with midazolam, fentanyl, propofol and vecuronium, and maintained with inhaled isoflurane and intravenous bonus of fentanyl. In group C, anesthesia was induced as in group I, but maintained with isoflurane inhalation combined with propofol-remifentanil infusion. All patients received vecuronium for muscle relaxation. Perioperative incidences of complications and total anesthesia costs for patients in all groups were recorded. In addition, postoperative satisfaction of the patients was also noted, and similar outcomes of the satisfaction were reported in all 60 patients. Although there was no statistical significance among groups, the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting were higher in group C, and the rates of shivering and the needs for analgesics were higher in group V. Anesthesia costs in group I were the lowest. Therefore, it is concluded that the costs of anesthesia induced with midazolam, fentanyl, propofol, vecuronium, and maintained with isoflurane, fentanyl and vecuronium are cheapest, and there is no significant difference in patients’ satisfaction and safety among the three above-mentioned methods of anesthesia in our department.

关键词： general anesthesia economics cost

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Lifecycle carbon footprint and cost assessment for coal-to-liquid coupled with carbon capture, storage

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第3期页码 412-427 doi: 10.1007/s11708-023-0879-3

摘要： The coal-to-liquid coupled with carbon capture, utilization, and storage technology has the potential to reduce CO₂ emissions, but its carbon footprint and cost assessment are still insufficient. In this paper, coal mining to oil production is taken as a life cycle to evaluate the carbon footprint and levelized costs of direct-coal-to-liquid and indirect-coal-to-liquid coupled with the carbon capture utilization and storage technology under three scenarios: non capture, process capture, process and public capture throughout the life cycle. The results show that, first, the coupling carbon capture utilization and storage technology can reduce CO₂ footprint by 28%–57% from 5.91 t CO₂/t·oil of direct-coal-to-liquid and 24%–49% from 7.10 t CO₂/t·oil of indirect-coal-to-liquid. Next, the levelized cost of direct-coal-to-liquid is 648–1027 $/t of oil, whereas that of indirect-coal-to-liquid is 653–1065 $/t of oil. When coupled with the carbon capture utilization and storage technology, the levelized cost of direct-coal-to-liquid is 285–1364 $/t of oil, compared to 1101–9793 $/t of oil for indirect-coal-to-liquid. Finally, sensitivity analysis shows that CO₂ transportation distance has the greatest impact on carbon footprint, while coal price and initial investment cost significantly affect the levelized cost of coal-to-liquid.

关键词： coal-to-liquid carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) carbon footprint levelized cost of liquid lifecycle assessment

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Floating production storage and offloading systems’ cost and motion performance: A systems thinking application

Rini NISHANTH, Andrew WHYTE, V. John KURIAN

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2018年第5卷第3期页码 357-368 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2018022

摘要：

Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) units increasingly represent a practical and economic means for deep-water oil extraction and production. Systems thinking gives a unique opportunity to seek a balance between FPSO technical performance(s), with whole-cost; stakeholder decision-making is charged to align different fit-for-use design specification options’ that address technical-motion(s), with respective life-cycle cost analyses (LCCA). Soft system methodology allows situation based analyses over set periods-of-time by diagnosing the problem-at-hand; namely, assessing the antecedents of life-cycle cost relative to FPSO sub-component design alternatives. Alternative mooring- component comparisons for either new-build hulls or refurbished hulls represent an initial necessary consideration to facilitate extraction, production and storage of deep-water oil reserves. Coupled dynamic analysis has been performed to generate FPSO motion in six degrees of freedom using SESAM DeepC, while life-cycle cost analysis (LCAA) studies give net-present-value comparisons reflective of market conditions. A parametric study has been conducted by varying wave heights from 4 – 8 m to understand FPSO motion behavior in the presence of wind and current, as well as comparing the motions of turreted versus spread mooring design alternatives. LCCA data has been generated to compare the cost of such different mooring options/hull conditions over 10 and 25-year periods. Systems thinking has been used to explain the interaction of problem variables; resultantly this paper is able to identify explicit factors affecting the choice of FPSO configurations in terms of motion and whole-cost, toward assisting significantly with the front-end engineering design (FEED) phase of fit-for-purpose configured FPSOs, in waters off Malaysia and Australia.

关键词： FPSO LCCA spread/turret-mooring DeepC cost motion soft-systems

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Manufacturing cost constrained topology optimization for additive manufacturing

Jikai LIU, Qian CHEN, Xuan LIANG, Albert C. TO

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第14卷第2期页码 213-221 doi: 10.1007/s11465-019-0536-z

摘要： This paper presents a manufacturing cost constrained topology optimization algorithm considering the laser powder bed additive manufacturing process. Topology optimization for additive manufacturing was recently extensively studied, and many related topics have been addressed. However, metal additive manufacturing is an expensive process, and the high manufacturing cost severely hinders the widespread use of this technology. Therefore, the proposed algorithm in this research would provide an opportunity to balance the manufacturing cost while pursuing the superior structural performance through topology optimization. Technically, the additive manufacturing cost model for laser powder bed-based process is established in this paper and real data is collected to support this model. Then, this cost model is transformed into a level set function-based expression, which is integrated into the level set topology optimization problem as a constraint. Therefore, by properly developing the sensitivity result, the metallic additive manufacturing part can be optimized with strictly constrained manufacturing cost. Effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is proved by numerical design examples.

关键词： topology optimization manufacturing cost additive manufacturing powder bed

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Low-cost adsorbents for urban stormwater pollution control

Yang Deng

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第5期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-020-1262-9

摘要： Abstract • Various low-cost adsorbents are studied for capturing urban stormwater pollutants. • Adsorbents are selected based on both pollutant adsorption and unexpected leaching. • Application modes of adsorbents influence their utilization efficacy in practice. Stormwater represents a major non-point pollution source at an urban environment. To improve the treatment efficacy of stormwater infrastructure, low-cost adsorbents have increasingly gained attention over the past decades. This article aims to briefly discuss several key aspects and principles for utilization of low-cost adsorbents for urban stormwater treatment. To determine whether a low-cost adsorbent is suitable for stormwater treatment, two aspects should be carefully assessed, including: 1) its adsorption mechanisms and behaviors that can influence the binding stre.g.,h, adsorption kinetics, and treatment capacity; and 2) unwanted chemical leaching patterns that can affect the extent of water quality degradation. Furthermore, the application mode of an adsorbent in the system design influences the utilization efficiency. Adsorbents, after dosed to soil media in infrastructure, would eventually become ineffective after oversaturation. In contrast, standalone filters or innovative composite adsorbents (e.g., adsorbent-coated mulch chips) can enable a long-lasting adsorption due to periodic replacement with fresh adsorbents. The aforementioned principles play a key role in the success of urban stormwater treatment with low-cost adsorbents.

关键词： Urban stormwater Runoff pollutants Low-cost adsorbents Adsorption Chemical leaching

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Low-cost green building practice in China: Library of Shandong Transportation College

Yingxin ZHU, Borong LIN, Bin YUAN,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第1期页码 100-105 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0072-3

摘要： This paper introduces the design idea and technique utilized in the Library of Shandong Transportation College, which ranked 1st in the 2nd National Green Buildings Innovation Award in China in March 2007 due to its low cost and climate-oriented green strategy during its design and construction phase, including land saving, energy efficiency, water conservation, and so on. Originally, the place was a landfill site with an odor pool. After reconstruction, it was changed into the construction site of the library with an area of 7000m and a scenery pond. With the integrated use of passive shading, daylighting, ventilation with atriums, high-insulation materials, underground duct ventilation, and the substitution of cooling tower with the pond water, the HVAC load design indexes are 59 W/m and 21.8 W/m for space cooling and heating, respectively, much lower than the newly issued Chinese energy efficient design code for public buildings. Moreover, a set of measures is utilized for water conversation, material saving, and improvement of indoor environmental quality. After three years of operation, the real effect has been validated by electricity meter and field measurement. The total initial cost for the building with the above mentioned integrated technologies was only RMB 2150 per square meter, which was worth spending in China due to the climatic adaptability and the relative low cost.

关键词： green building low cost technique energy efficiency integrated strategy

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Benefit-based cost allocation for residentially distributed photovoltaic systems in China: A cooperative

Xi LUO, Xiaojun LIU, Yanfeng LIU, Jiaping LIU, Yaxing WANG

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2021年第8卷第2期页码 271-283 doi: 10.1007/s42524-019-0083-7

摘要： Distributed photovoltaic (PV) systems have constantly been the key to achieve a low-carbon economy in China. However, the development of Chinese distributed PV systems has failed to meet expectations because of their irrational profit and cost allocations. In this study, the methodology for calculating the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for PV is thoroughly discussed to address this issue. A mixed-integer linear programming model is built to determine the optimal system operation strategy with a benefit analysis. An externality-corrected mathematical model based on Shapley value is established to allocate the cost of distributed PV systems in 15 Chinese cities between the government, utility grid and residents. Results show that (i) an inverse relationship exists between the LCOEs and solar radiation levels; (ii) the government and residents gain extra benefits from the utility grid through net metering policies, and the utility grid should be the highly subsidized participant; (iii) the percentage of cost assigned to the utility grid and government should increase with the expansion of battery bank to weaken the impact of demand response on increasing theoretical subsidies; and (iv) apart from the LCOE, the local residential electricity prices remarkably impact the subsidy calculation results.

关键词： solar photovoltaic cost allocation cooperative game theory Shapley value mixed-integer linear programming levelized cost of energy

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Construction Duration and Cost Simulation via Network-Program-Diagram

Wei-dong Wang,Jie Wu,Kai-jun Wang,Xin Wen

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2014年第1卷第2期页码 210-217 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2014028

摘要： This paper outlines the creation of a simulation model used to extrapolate duration and resource requirements needed for the construction of bridges based on a sampling of data obtained during a field research conducted on the construction process of a single bridge. A sampling of statistical data was taken during a field investigation to measure schedule and resource requirements (labor, raw materials and machinery) at various stages of a bridge construction project. This data was used to identify the probability distribution and the associated parameters for the project examined, and a simulation model was built to extrapolate the necessary schedule and resource requirements needed for various stages of similar bridge projects based on Three-Point Estimation Method of Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) and Monte Carlo Method. This simulation model’s resultant data for every process in an applicable construction project can be aggregated to form overall project duration and resource requirement statistical distribution using the Critical Path Method (CPM). The whole construction process will be visualized by a 4-dimensional (4D) model of the project which is created by appending time and resource requirements and to the 3-dimensional (3D) model that is built using the Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Alternativa 3D technology. Based on the simulation results of every procedure’s duration and resource requirements, the Network Program Diagram and Gantt Chart can be drawn with Flex and ActionScript language. Furthermore, with the Network Program Diagram at the core, the 4D model can incorporate simulation’s resultant data with respect to total time and cost of the project to show the condition of resource requirements and the project’s progressing at any time.

关键词： construction duration construction cost activity-on-node diagram building information modeling

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Effects of the US withdrawal from Paris Agreement on the carbon emission space and cost of China and

Hancheng DAI, Yang XIE, Haibin ZHANG, Zhongjue YU, Wentao WANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第3期页码 362-375 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0574-y

摘要：

Climate mitigation has become a global issue and most countries have promised their greenhouse gas reduction target. However, after Trump took office as president of the United States (US), the US withdrew from the Paris Agreement. As the biggest economy, this would have impacts on the emission space of other countries. This paper, by using the integrated model of energy, environment and economy/computable general equilibrium (IMED/CGE) model, assesses the impacts of the US withdrawal from Paris Agreement on China, India in terms of carbon emission space and mitigation cost under Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and 2°C scenarios due to changed emission pathway of the US. The results show that, under the condition of constant global cumulative carbon emissions and fixed burden sharing scheme among the countries, the failure of the US to honor its NDC commitment will increase its carbon emission space and decrease its mitigation cost. However, the carbon emission space of other regions, including China and India, will be reduced and their mitigation costs will be raised. In 2030, under the 2°C target, the carbon price will increase by US$14.3 to US$45.3/t in China and by US$10.7 to US$33.9/t in India. In addition, China and India will incur additional GDP loss. Under the 2°C target, the GDP loss of China would increase by US$23.3 to US$72.6 billion (equivalent to US$17.4 to US$54.2/capita), and that of India would rise by US$14.2 to US$43.1 billion (equivalent to US$9.3 to US$28.2/capita).

关键词： Paris Agreement China and India the US withdrawal carbon emission space mitigation cost

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Prediction of cost and emission from Indian coal-fired power plants with CO

Naushita SHARMA, Udayan SINGH, Siba Sankar MAHAPATRA

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第1期页码 149-162 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0482-6

摘要： Coal-fired power plants are one of the most important targets with respect to reduction of CO emissions. The reasons for this are that coal-fired power plants offer localized large point sources (LPS) of CO and that the Indian power sector contributes to roughly half of all-India CO emissions. CO capture and storage (CCS) can be implemented in these power plants for long-term decarbonisation of the Indian economy. In this paper, two artificial intelligence (AI) techniques—adaptive network based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and multi gene genetic programming (MGGP) are used to model Indian coal-fired power plants with CO capture. The data set of 75 power plants take the plant size, the capture type, the load and the CO emission as the input and the COE and annual CO emissions as the output. It is found that MGGP is more suited to these applications with an value of more than 99% between the predicted and actual values, as against the ~96% correlation for the ANFIS approach. MGGP also gives the traditionally expected results in sensitivity analysis, which ANFIS fails to give. Several other parameters in the base plant and CO capture unit may be included in similar studies to give a more accurate result. This is because MGGP gives a better perspective toward qualitative data, such as capture type, as compared to ANFIS.

关键词： carbon capture and storage power plants artificial intelligence genetic programming neuro fuzzy

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A rank-based multiple-choice secretary algorithm for minimising microgrid operating cost under uncertainties

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第2期页码 198-210 doi: 10.1007/s11708-023-0874-8

摘要： The increasing use of distributed energy resources changes the way to manage the electricity system. Unlike the traditional centralized powered utility, many homes and businesses with local electricity generators have established their own microgrids, which increases the use of renewable energy while introducing a new challenge to the management of the microgrid system from the mismatch and unknown of renewable energy generations, load demands, and dynamic electricity prices. To address this challenge, a rank-based multiple-choice secretary algorithm (RMSA) was proposed for microgrid management, to reduce the microgrid operating cost. Rather than relying on the complete information of future dynamic variables or accurate predictive approaches, a lightweight solution was used to make real-time decisions under uncertainties. The RMSA enables a microgrid to reduce the operating cost by determining the best electricity purchase timing for each task under dynamic pricing. Extensive experiments were conducted on real-world data sets to prove the efficacy of our solution in complex and divergent real-world scenarios.

关键词： energy management systems demand response scheduling under uncertainty renewable energy sources multiple-choice secretary algorithm

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Effects of design parameters on performance and cost analysis of combined ultraviolet-biofilter systems

Can WANG, Jinying XI, Hongying HU, Insun KANG

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第4期页码 588-594 doi: 10.1007/s11783-012-0433-8

摘要： A conceptual mathematical model was used to evaluate the design parameters of a combined ultraviolet (UV)-biofilter system, and perform a cost analysis. Results showed that the UV light source strength and the gas residence times in the UV system (UVRT) and biofilter (EBRT) had positive effects on the overall chlorobenzene removal efficiency of the system. High ratio of UVRT to EBRT improved the removal efficiency, suggesting that the UV system has a greater effect on the overall performance of the system compared with the biofilter. Analysis of the capital and operating costs showed that the capital costs of the standalone biofilter system were much higher than those of the standalone UV system. However, the biofilter operating costs were lower than those of the UV system. The operating costs of the combined UV-biofilter system increased with increasing UVRT/EBRT ratio, whereas its capital costs decreased.

关键词： volatile organic compounds ultraviolet (UV) photodegradation biofilter modeling cost analysis

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Full lifetime cost analysis of battery, plug-in hybrid and FCEVs in China in the near future

Zhihua CAI, Xunmin OU, Qian ZHANG, Xiliang ZHANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第2期页码 107-111 doi: 10.1007/s11708-012-0182-1

摘要： This paper analyzes the full lifetime cost of battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) in China in the near future. The full lifetime cost comprises the initial and periodic cost of owning and operating the vehicle. Compared with the conventional gasoline vehicles, the full lifetime cost of the BEVs, PHEVs and FCEVs are approximately 1.5, 0.5 and 2.3 times more in the short term, respectively, due to the higher initial costs and higher non-energy-related costs though the fuel costs are lower. The results also suggest that with reasonably anticipatable technological progress in the long term, the lifetime cost of advanced electric vehicles (EVs) can be close to that of gasoline vehicles. It is found that two aspects of action are most important to make BEVs cost-effective: to support technology improvement to decrease the high cost of BEV and to formulate high energy cost of operating the conventional gasoline car. Moreover, it is important to decrease the non-energy operating costs including registration fee, tax rate and etc., of BEVs at the same time.

关键词： electric vehicle (EV) life time cost China

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A low cost wearable optical-based goniometer for human joint monitoring

Chee Kian LIM, Zhiqiang LUO, I-Ming CHEN, Song Huat YEO

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第6卷第1期页码 13-22 doi: 10.1007/s11465-011-0201-7

摘要：

Widely used in the fields of physical and occupational therapy, goniometers are indispensible when it comes to angular measurement of the human joint. In both fields, there is a need to measure the range of motion associated with various joints and muscle groups. For example, a goniometer may be used to help determine the current status of the range of motion in bend the arm at the elbow, bending the knee, or bending at the waist. The device can help to establish the range of motion at the beginning of the treatment series, and also allow the therapist to monitor progress during subsequent sessions. Most commonly found are the mechanical goniometers which are inexpensive but bulky. As the parts are mechanically linked, accuracy and resolution are largely limited. On the other hand, electronic and optical fiber-based goniometers promise better performance over its mechanical counterpart but due to higher cost and setup requirements does not make it an attractive proposition as well. In this paper, we present a reliable and non-intrusive design of an optical-based goniometer for human joint measurement. This device will allow continuous and long-term monitoring of human joint motion in everyday setting. The proposed device was benchmarked against mechanical goniometer and optical based motion capture system to validate its performance. From the empirical results, it has been proven that this design can be use as a robust and effective wearable joint monitoring device.

关键词： optical goniometer human-joint measurement