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Offline motion planning and simulation of two-robot welding coordination

Tie ZHANG, Fan OUYANG

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第7卷第1期页码 81-92 doi: 10.1007/s11465-012-0309-4

摘要：

This paper focuses on the two-robot welding coordination of complex curve seam which means one robot grasp the workpiece, the other hold the torch, the two robots work on the same workpiece simultaneously. This paper builds the dual-robot coordinate system at the beginning, and three point calibration method of two robots’ relative base coordinate system is presented. After that, the non master/slave scheme is chosen for the motion planning, the non master/slave scheme sets the poses versus time function of the point u on the workpiece, and calculates the two robot end effecter trajectories through the constrained relationship matrix automatically. Moreover, downhand welding is employed which can guarantee the torch and the seam keep in good contact condition all the time during the welding. Finally, a Solidworks-SimMechanics simulation platform is established, and a simulation of curved steel pipe welding is conducted. The results of the simulation illustrate the welding process can meet the requirements of downhand welding, the joint displacement curves are smooth and continuous and no joint velocities are out of working scope.

关键词： complex curve seam two robots coordinated welding motion planning

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基于全对称型TRMPC的自动驾驶车辆安全运动规划控制框架 Article

郑浩, 李以农, 郑玲, Ehsan Hashemi

《工程（英文）》 2024年第33卷第2期页码 146-159 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.12.003

摘要：

Model mismatches can cause multi-dimensional uncertainties for the receding horizon control strategies of automated vehicles (AVs). The uncertainties may lead to potentially hazardous behaviors when the AV tracks ideal trajectories that are individually optimized by the AV's planning layer. To address this issue, this study proposes a safe motion planning and control (SMPAC) framework for AVs. For the control layer, a dynamic model including multi-dimensional uncertainties is established. A zonotopic tube-based robust model predictive control scheme is proposed to constrain the uncertain system in a bounded minimum robust positive invariant set. A flexible tube with varying cross-sections is constructed to reduce the controller conservatism. For the planning layer, a concept of safety sets, representing the geometric boundaries of the ego vehicle and obstacles under uncertainties, is proposed. The safety sets provide the basis for the subsequent evaluation and ranking of the generated trajectories. An efficient collision avoidance algorithm decides the desired trajectory through the intersection detection of the safety sets between the ego vehicle and obstacles. A numerical simulation and hardware-in-the-loop experiment validate the effectiveness and real-time performance of the SMPAC. The result of two driving scenarios indicates that the SMPAC can guarantee the safety of automated driving under multi-dimensional uncertainties.

关键词： Automated driving Motion planning Motion control Tube MPC Zonotope

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运动规划的高效配置空间构建与优化 Article

潘佳, Dinesh Manocha

《工程（英文）》 2015年第1卷第1期页码 46-57 doi: 10.15302/J-ENG-2015009

摘要：

配置空间是算法机器人学领域使用较为广泛的一种基本概念。机器人学、计算机辅助设计与相关领域的诸多应用都可归类为配置空间方面的计算问题。本文将对近期与配置空间相关的两项重大挑战的解决方案成果进行探讨：①如何高效计算高维配置空间的近似表达；②如何在高维配置空间内高效执行几何学接近度与运动规划查询。基于机器学习与几何学近似技术，笔者在此提出几种新型配置空间构建算法。上述算法对多个配置样本进行碰撞查询。得出的碰撞查询结果将用来计算配置空间的近似表达，可快速聚合至准确的配置空间；同时还提出了基于并行图形处理器（GPU）的算法，以便加速配置空间优化与搜索计算的性能情况。笔者特别设计出了基于GPU的并行k最近邻算法与并行碰撞检测算法，并使用这些算法来加快运动规划。

关键词：配置空间运动规划图形处理器（GPU）并行算法

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Strategy for robot motion and path planning in robot taping

Qilong YUAN,I-Ming CHEN,Teguh Santoso LEMBONO,Simon Nelson LANDÉN,Victor MALMGREN

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第11卷第2期页码 195-203 doi: 10.1007/s11465-016-0390-1

摘要：

Covering objects with masking tapes is a common process for surface protection in processes like spray painting, plasma spraying, shot peening, etc. Manual taping is tedious and takes a lot of effort of the workers. The taping process is a special process which requires correct surface covering strategy and proper attachment of the masking tape for an efficient surface protection. We have introduced an automatic robot taping system consisting of a robot manipulator, a rotating platform, a 3D scanner and specially designed taping end-effectors. This paper mainly talks about the surface covering strategies for different classes of geometries. The methods and corresponding taping tools are introduced for taping of following classes of surfaces: Cylindrical/extended surfaces, freeform surfaces with no grooves, surfaces with grooves, and rotational symmetrical surfaces. A collision avoidance algorithm is introduced for the robot taping manipulation. With further improvements on segmenting surfaces of taping parts and tape cutting mechanisms, such taping solution with the taping tool and the taping methodology can be combined as a very useful and practical taping package to assist humans in this tedious and time costly work.

关键词： robot taping path planning robot manipulation 3D scanning

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A robot fuzzy motion planning approach in unknown environments

FU Yi-li, JIN Bao, LI Han, WANG Shu-guo

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2006年第1卷第3期页码 336-340 doi: 10.1007/s11465-006-0033-z

摘要： A fuzzy robot motion planning approach is proposed in unknown environments for three-degree industrial robots. The proposed planning system is composed of several separate fuzzy units, which control individually each manipulator joint. Each unit combines a repelling influence, which is related to the nearby obstacle, with the attracting influence produced by the final manipulator configuration, to generate actuating command for each link. Effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified through simulation.

关键词： manipulator repelling influence manipulator configuration three-degree industrial simulation

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Dynamic motion of quadrupedal robots on challenging terrain: a kinodynamic optimization approach

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2024年第19卷第3期 doi: 10.1007/s11465-024-0791-5

摘要： The dynamic motion of quadrupedal robots on challenging terrain generally requires elaborate spatial–temporal kinodynamic motion planning and accurate control at higher refresh rate in comparison with regular terrain. However, conventional quadrupedal robots usually generate relatively coarse planning and employ motion replanning or reactive strategies to handle terrain irregularities. The resultant complex and computation-intensive controller may lead to nonoptimal motions or the breaking of locomotion rhythm. In this paper, a kinodynamic optimization approach is presented. To generate long-horizon optimal predictions of the kinematic and dynamic behavior of the quadruped robot on challenging terrain, we formulate motion planning as an optimization problem; jointly treat the foot’s locations, contact forces, and torso motions as decision variables; combine smooth motion and minimal energy consumption as the objective function; and explicitly represent feasible foothold region and friction constraints based on terrain information. To track the generated motions accurately and stably, we employ a whole-body controller to compute reference position and velocity commands, which are fed forward to joint controllers of the robot’s legs. We verify the effectiveness of the developed approach through simulation and on a physical quadruped robot testbed. Results show that the quadruped robot can successfully traverse a 30° slope and 43% of nominal leg length high step while maintaining the rhythm of dynamic trot gait.

关键词： quadrupedal robot kinodynamic planning nonlinear optimization challenging terrain whole-body control

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Motion planning and tracking control of a four-wheel independently driven steered mobile robot with multiple

Xiaolong ZHANG, Yu HUANG, Shuting WANG, Gen LI, Yuanlong XIE, Wei MENG

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第16卷第3期页码 504-527 doi: 10.1007/s11465-020-0626-y

摘要： Safe and effective autonomous navigation in dynamic environments is challenging for four-wheel independently driven steered mobile robots (FWIDSMRs) due to the flexible allocation of multiple maneuver modes. To address this problem, this study proposes a novel multiple mode-based navigation system, which can achieve efficient motion planning and accurate tracking control. To reduce the calculation burden and obtain a comprehensive optimized global path, a kinodynamic interior–exterior cell exploration planning method, which leverages the hybrid space of available modes with an incorporated exploration guiding algorithm, is designed. By utilizing the sampled subgoals and the constructed global path, local planning is then performed to avoid unexpected obstacles and potential collisions. With the desired profile curvature and preselected mode, a fuzzy adaptive receding horizon control is proposed such that the online updating of the predictive horizon is realized to enhance the trajectory-following precision. The tracking controller design is achieved using the quadratic programming (QP) technique, and the primal–dual neural network optimization technique is used to solve the QP problem. Experimental results on a real-time FWIDSMR validate that the proposed method shows superior features over some existing methods in terms of efficiency and accuracy.

关键词： mobile robot multiple maneuvering mode motion planning tracking control receding horizon control

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北京2022年冬奥会六足冰壶机器人机构设计与运动规划 Article

尹科, 高岳, 高峰, 陈先宝, 赵越, 肖宇光, 孙乔, 孙竞

《工程（英文）》 2024年第35卷第4期页码 15-31 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.10.018

摘要：

When a curling rock slides on an ice sheet with an initial rotation, a lateral movement occurs, which is known as the curling phenomenon. The force of friction between the curling rock and the ice sheet changes continually with changes in the environment; thus, the sport of curling requires great skill and experience. The throwing of the curling rock is a great challenge in robot design and control, and existing curling robots usually adopt a combination scheme of a wheel chassis and gripper that differs significantly from human throwing movements. A hexapod curling robot that imitates human kicking, sliding, pushing, and curling rock rotating was designed and manufactured by our group, and completed a perfect show during the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics. Smooth switching between the walking and throwing tasks is realized by the robot's morphology transformation based on leg configuration switching. The robot's controlling parameters, which include the kicking velocity v_k , pushing velocity v_p , orientation angle θ_c , and rotation velocity ω , are determined by aiming and sliding models according to the estimated equivalent friction coefficient μ_equ and ratio e of the front and back frictions. The stable errors between the target and actual stopping points converge to 0.2 and 1.105 m in the simulations and experiments, respectively, and the error shown in the experiments is close to that of a well-trained wheelchair curling athlete. This robot holds promise for helping ice-makers rectify ice sheet friction or assisting in athlete training.

关键词： Legged robot Curling robot Winter Olympics Mechanism design Motion planning

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Motion capability analysis of a quadruped robot as a parallel manipulator

Jingjun YU,Dengfeng LU,Zhongxiang ZHANG,Xu PEI

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第9卷第4期页码 295-307 doi: 10.1007/s11465-014-0317-7

摘要：

This paper presents the forward and inverse displacement analysis of a quadruped robot MANA as a parallel manipulator in quadruple stance phase, which is used to obtain the workspace and control the motion of the body. The robot MANA designed on the basis of the structure of quadruped mammal is able to not only walk and turn in the uneven terrain, but also accomplish various manipulating tasks as a parallel manipulator in quadruple stance phase. The latter will be the focus of this paper, however. For this purpose, the leg kinematics is primarily analyzed, which lays the foundation on the gait planning in terms of locomotion and body kinematics analysis as a parallel manipulator. When all four feet of the robot contact on the ground, by assuming there is no slipping at the feet, each contacting point is treated as a passive spherical joint and the kinematic model of parallel manipulator is established. The method for choosing six non-redundant actuated joints for the parallel manipulator from all twelve optional joints is elaborated. The inverse and forward displacement analysis of the parallel manipulator is carried out using the method of coordinate transformation. Finally, based on the inverse and forward kinematic model, two issues on obtaining the reachable workspace of parallel manipulator and planning the motion of the body are implemented and verified by ADAMS simulation.

关键词： quadruped robot actuated joints selection kinematics analysis motion planning parallel manipulator

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移动机器人运动规划研究综述

刘华军,杨静宇,陆建峰,唐振民,赵春霞,成伟明

《中国工程科学》 2006年第8卷第1期页码 85-94

摘要：

机器人运动规划是移动机器人导航的核心技术之一。40多年来，运动规划技术发展迅速，涌现出了许多规划算法，但因为环境描述方式差异巨大，技术差别大，实验比较难度较大。在总结机器人发展史上具有典型意义的规划算法的基础上，提出了路径规划算法的评价标准和形式化描述方式，介绍了每种算法的原理或技术，从搜索策略和环境建模的角度将它们分为四大类，分别是基于自由空间几何构造的规划算法、前向图搜索算法、基于随机采样的运动规划算法以及智能化规划算法，并按照提出的标准比较它们的性能。

关键词：移动机器人运动规划机器人导航几何构造空间搜索随机采样人工智能

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四旋翼无人机在博弈中的运动规划研究：一种基于仿真的投影策略迭代方法 Regular Papers

Li-dong ZHANG, Ban WANG, Zhi-xiang LIU, You-min ZHANG, Jian-liang AI

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第20卷第4期页码 525-537 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1800571

摘要：数十年来，如何实现在复杂环境中对序列决策问题做出有效合理的决策始终是一个困扰各领域研究者的难题。该决策问题包含状态转移动力学模型、随机因素引入的不确定性、长远决策前沿优化问题以及其他许多难题，包括维数灾难在内的诸多困难使解决这一决策问题的有效方法仍待进一步研究探索。目前，随着增强学习领域不断开发出先进算法，为尝试解决复杂环境中的序列决策问题提供了有潜力的解决方案，并可在实际应用环境中获得较高决策性能。本文提出三维空间中速度可变的一对一四旋翼无人机博弈研究平台，以及一种基于投影策略迭代方法的近似动态规划方法，以学习四旋翼博弈过程中效用函数并生成改进的四旋翼运动决策策略。此外，采用基于仿真的方法，消除维数灾难束缚。仿真结果表明，所提决策方法可在博弈对抗中高效生成有效运动策略，并在与对方四旋翼无人机对抗中能获取并保持有利态势。在肯高迪亚大学网络自动车辆（NAV）实验室进行的飞行实验进一步验证了所提决策方法在实时环境中的决策性能。

关键词：增强学习；近似动态规划；决策；运动规划；无人机

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A novel task-oriented framework for dual-arm robotic assembly task

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第16卷第3期页码 528-545 doi: 10.1007/s11465-021-0638-2

摘要： In industrial manufacturing, the deployment of dual-arm robots in assembly tasks has become a trend. However, making the dual-arm robots more intelligent in such applications is still an open, challenging issue. This paper proposes a novel framework that combines task-oriented motion planning with visual perception to facilitate robot deployment from perception to execution and finish assembly problems by using dual-arm robots. In this framework, visual perception is first employed to track the effects of the robot behaviors and observe states of the workpieces, where the performance of tasks can be abstracted as a high-level state for intelligent reasoning. The assembly task and manipulation sequences can be obtained by analyzing and reasoning the state transition trajectory of the environment as well as the workpieces. Next, the corresponding assembly manipulation can be generated and parameterized according to the differences between adjacent states by combining with the prebuilt knowledge of the scenarios. Experiments are set up with a dual-arm robotic system (ABB YuMi and an RGB-D camera) to validate the proposed framework. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework and the promising value of its practical application.

关键词： dual-arm assembly AI reasoning intelligent system task-oriented motion planning visual perception

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基于安全合理探索与利用的自动驾驶自进化决策规划 Article

袁康, 黄岩军, 杨硕, 周泽纬, 王宇雷, 曹东璞, 陈虹

《工程（英文）》 2024年第33卷第2期页码 108-120 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.03.018

摘要：

行为决策和运动规划对于自动驾驶的安全性至关重要。本研究提出了一种数据和模型混合驱动的自动驾驶在线决策规划自进化框架。首先，开发了一个基于深度强化学习（DRL）的数据驱动决策模块以尽可能追求合理的驾驶性能。然后，采用模型预测控制（MPC）同时执行纵向和横向运动规划任务，并根据车辆的物理极限定义了多个约束，以满足驾驶任务要求。最后，提出了自动驾驶自进化的安全性和合理性准则。建立了安全运动包络并与所提出的合理探索与利用机制集成，规避了不安全的动作，以此过滤不合理的经验，从而为DRL智能体收集高质量的训练数据。在高保真车辆模型和MATLAB/Simulink联合仿真环境下进行了算法验证，结果表明所提出的在线进化框架能够实现更安全、合理、高效的驾驶行为。

关键词：自动驾驶行为决策运动规划深度强化学习模型预测控制

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A-STC：一种基于拍卖的多机器人协同螺旋生成树覆盖运动规划方法 Research Article

Guan-qiang GAO, Bin XIN

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第20卷第1期页码 18-31 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1800551

摘要：多机器人覆盖运动规划问题是多机器人领域常见问题，要求任务区域内每个点都被机器人传感器或者执行器覆盖一次。提出一种新的有效离线运动规划方法，即基于拍卖的螺旋生成树覆盖（A-STC）算法，解决多机器人覆盖运动规划问题。首先，将布局空间分解为机器人最小覆盖半径两倍的大栅格。基于大栅格之间的连通关系，生成一个无向连接图。机器人可利用巡航无向图中的生成树得到覆盖的运动轨迹。其次，A-STC算法采用拍卖机制构造每个机器人的生成树。在该拍卖机制下，每个机器人都可成为拍卖机器人和竞价机器人。拍卖机器人通过启发式规则从自身生成树的邻居节点中选择一个节点作为拍卖物品。竞价机器人根据拍卖节点的连通关系和运动轨迹的估计长度确定竞标价格。运动轨迹的估计长度主要取决于生成树中的节点和边的类型。最高出价的竞价机器人被选为中标机器人。拍卖过程后，可接受的覆盖运动轨迹可被快速规划生成。计算实验证明了A-STC算法和运动轨迹估计方法的有效性。将提出的算法与前沿算法进行比较，结果显示，所提运动规划方法运行时间和计算结果在大规模算例上具有明显优势。

关键词：覆盖运动规划；多机器人系统；拍卖算法；螺旋生成树覆盖算法

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带状态饱和的四旋翼安全轨迹规划 None

Shu-peng LAI, Meng-lu LAN, Ya-xuan LI, Ben M. CHEN

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第20卷第1期页码 107-119 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1800719

摘要：当前，许多基于小型多旋翼的实际应用需考虑障碍物与安全条例的影响。在机载导航计算机有限计算能力下，实时生成安全并符合飞行器动力学特征与状态约束的轨迹，一直以来都是一项挑战。提出一种新型基于安全飞行走廊的轨迹规划方法。该方法可在10 μs内，渐进规划出安全的飞行轨迹。本研究中，安全走廊基于可旋转的多个长方体搭建而成。所提方法已通过模拟和实机实验验证。

关键词：四旋翼飞行器；无人机；运动规划

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标题作者时间类型操作

Offline motion planning and simulation of two-robot welding coordination

Tie ZHANG, Fan OUYANG

期刊论文

基于全对称型TRMPC的自动驾驶车辆安全运动规划控制框架

郑浩, 李以农, 郑玲, Ehsan Hashemi

期刊论文

运动规划的高效配置空间构建与优化

潘佳, Dinesh Manocha

期刊论文