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A reignited debate over the cell(s) of origin for glioblastoma and its clinical implications

Xiaolin Fan, Yanzhen Xiong, Yuan Wang

《医学前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第5期页码 531-539 doi: 10.1007/s11684-019-0700-1

摘要： Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal primary neoplasm in the central nervous system. Despite intensive treatment, the prognosis for patients with GBM remains poor, with a median survival of 14−16 months. 90% of GBMs are primary GBMs that are full-blown at diagnosis without evidences of a pre-existing less-malignant precursor lesion. Therefore, identification of the cell(s) of origin for GBM—the normal cell or cell type that acquires the initial GBM-promoting genetic hit(s)—is the key to the understanding of the disease etiology and the development of novel therapies. Neural stem cells and oligodendrocyte precursor cells are the two major candidates for the cell(s) of origin for GBM. Latest data from human samples have reignited the longstanding debate over which cells are the clinically more relevant origin for GBMs. By critically analyzing evidences for or against the candidacy of each cell type, we highlight the most recent progress and debate in the field, explore the clinical implications, and propose future directions toward early diagnosis and preventive treatment of GBMs.

关键词： glioblastoma cell(s) of origin neural stem cells oligodendrocyte precursor cells subventricular zone early diagnosis

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In quest of the origin of ancient northern city of China: An implication from the Book of Odes

DAI Fudong

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2007年第1卷第4期页码 389-392 doi: 10.1007/s11709-007-0052-9

摘要： Sorting out some paragraphs in (collection of the earliest poetry in China), this paper makes analysis of the formation, construction process and technology of the ancient northern city of China. Relevan

关键词： analysis construction formation collection paragraphs

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Russian school of the theory and geometry of gearing: Its origin and golden period (1935 --1975)

Dmitry BABICHEV,Sergey LAGUTIN,Natalya BARMINA

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第11卷第1期页码 44-59 doi: 10.1007/s11465-015-0360-z

摘要：

During the second half of the twentieth century, Soviet scientists were among the world leaders in the theory and geometry of gearing or the theoretical fundamentals of designing gears and gear-cutting tools. The authors of the current paper review works related to the development of the theory of gearing (TG) written in Russian from the mid-1930s to the present. Overall, the review covers more than 400 publications of nearly 200 authors (among more than 1000 studied works). This review involves some works on gear strength and accuracy to attract more experts.

This paper presents a short list of works from the seventeenth century to the nineteenth century and discusses the basic concepts of the TG. This paper also includes a review of more than 160 papers in Russian for the period of 1935–1975, which is the “golden age” of the TG. The main features and achievements during this period are also considered.

The distinctive feature of this review is the use of diagrams that visually present TG experts and the dates and themes of their published works. The diagrams also show the following aspects: 1) The most popular and important themes in a specific period, 2) the most important publications on the themes of interest to readers, and 3) the direction of the works and scope of interests of every researcher.

关键词： theory of gearing (TG) gear geometry generating surface gear synthesis gear analysis

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The Origin and System Analysis of Harmonious Management for Engineering

Mao-guang Lin,Qian-kun Wang,Hua-tao Peng,Yu-dong Wang

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2015年第2卷第3期页码 241-248 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2015040

摘要： Engineering is a production activity aimed at increasing people’s utility; however, serious crises are frequently reported to be caused by engineering constructions, both for nature and human beings. Based on engineering theories of philosophy, systems and ecology, this paper analyzed the prevailing defects of traditional project management approaches, explored the importance of harmony in engineering and engineering management, and discussed the developmental inevitability, concept connotation and system structure of harmonious management for engineering.

关键词： engineering harmony management

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光照世界史坛的中医起源之谜

符友丰

《中国工程科学》 2006年第8卷第9期页码 1-12

摘要：

以疫病流行及其原型分析为线索，联系早期治法（如热熨、火灸、砭刺等）探讨了古代以腺鼠疫为代表的疫病流行与医学起源间的内在联系；以医源于疫的视野分析我国医史病史研究在出土文物、古文字和医学文献等方面丰富的信息资源与优势；分析解读疾病名实的古今变迁、比较中西医学及其在认识论与方法论上的差异，为审视我国传统医学在疫病防治方面的丰富经验与延至今日的独到成就与意义，疾病史研究成果与推广，实现古为今用，将为当今疫病防治的中西互补、中西医结合与比较提供宝贵的历史经验与借鉴。

关键词：世界医学史中医史医学起源鼠疫霍乱天花比较医学

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From SARS to MERS: evidence and speculation

null

《医学前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第4期页码 377-382 doi: 10.1007/s11684-016-0466-7

摘要：

The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a novel zoonotic pathogen. In 2012, the infectious outbreak caused by MERS-CoV in Saudi Arabia has spread to more than 1600 patients in 26 countries, resulting in over 600 deaths. Without a travel history, few clinical and radiological features can reliably differentiate MERS from SARS. But in real world, comparing with SARS, MERS presents more vaguely defined epidemiology, more severe symptoms, and higher case fatality rate. In this review, we summarize the recent findings in the field of MERS-CoV, especially its molecular virology, interspecies mechanisms, clinical features, antiviral therapies, and the further investigation into this disease. As a newly emerging virus, many questions are not fully answered, including the exact mode of transmission chain, geographical distribution, and animal origins. Furthermore, a new protocol needs to be launched to rapidly evaluate the effects of unproven antiviral drugs and vaccine to fasten the clinical application of new drugs.

关键词： middle east respiratory syndrome animal origin cross-species transmission monoclonal antibody

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工程和谐管理的源起与系统分析

林茂光,王乾坤,彭华涛,王予东

《中国工程科学》 2014年第16卷第10期页码 15-21

摘要：

工程是以人的使用为目的的造物活动，人造的各种“工程”已经带来了自然环境及人类自身的严重危机。通过对工程及工程管理和谐性需求剖析，特别是工程管理发展阶段与工程项目管理缺陷性分析，基于工程哲学、工程系统、工程生态等思想，论述了工程和谐管理的发展必然性、概念内涵及其系统架构。

关键词：工程和谐管理

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Immunohistochemical characterization of hepatic stem cell-related cells in developing human liver

XU Jun, HU Yong, WANG Jian, ZHANG Taiping, ZHOU Ji, YU Hongyu

《医学前沿（英文）》 2007年第1卷第3期页码 264-268 doi: 10.1007/s11684-007-0050-2

摘要： Little is known about the expression characteristics of the various kinds of possible markers in hepatic stem cells (HSCs) and other HSC-related cells in human fetal liver in various developmental stages. It is significant to investigate the immunohistochemical expression for better understanding of the origin, differentiation and migration of HSCs in the developing human liver. H-E staining and immunohistochemical methods were used to observe the expression of hepatic/cholangiocellular differentiation markers (AFP, GST-, CK7, CK19) and hematopoietic stem cell markers (CD34 and c-kit) in several kinds of HSC-related cells in thirty cases of fetal liver samples (4–35 weeks after pregnancy). AFP expression appears in fetal hepatocytes at four weeks’ gestation. It peaks at 16–24 weeks’ gestation and decreases gradually afterwards. Finally, weak signals were only found in some ductal plate cells and a few limiting plate cells. GST- was detected in hepatic cord cells from the sixth week and in the ductal plate cells from the eighth week. Twenty-six weeks later, only some ductal plate cells and a few limiting plate cells show positive signals. CK19 expression peaks during the 6th–11th weeks in hepatic cord cells and decreases gradually afterwards, except for the ductal plates. CK7 expression was limited in the ductal plate cells and bile ducts cells from the 14th week. CD34 and c-kit were detected at the eighth week in some ductal plate cells and a few mononuclear cells in the hepatic cords/mesenchymal tissue of portal areas. After 21 weeks, CD34 and c-kit were found only in ductal plate cells and a few mononuclear cells in the hepatic mesenchymal tissue of portal areas. Fetal hepatocytes at 4–16 weeks’ gestation are mainly constituted by HSCs characterized with bi-potential differentiation capacity. At 16 weeks’ gestation, most hepatic cord cells begin to differentiate into hepatocytes and abundant HSCs remain in ductal plate (the origin site of Hering canals). It is also indicated that the hematopoietic stem cells may give rise to some HSCs in embryonic liver. These indirectly support the hypothesis about the location and origin of HSCs in liver valley hypothesis reported previously.

关键词： origin Little mesenchymal tissue cords/mesenchymal tissue CD34

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深古菌门的核心代谢功能和热环境起源 Article

冯晓远, 王寅炤, Rahul Zubi, 王风平

《工程（英文）》 2019年第5卷第3期页码 498-504 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2019.01.011

摘要：

深古菌门具有复杂的亚群分类，是地球上丰度最高的微生物之一。然而，深古菌的代谢特征和演化历史仍然有待进一步研究。本研究对来自10个不同亚群的15个新获得和36个已经发表的深古菌基因组进行了比较基因组分析，揭示了深古菌门的核心代谢特征，即蛋白质、脂质、芳香族化合物降解，糖酵解途径和Wood–Ljungdahl (WL) 途径。上述核心代谢特征表明深古菌使用乙酰辅酶A作为重要的代谢中间物。此外，部分深古菌亚群还具有不完整的柠檬酸循环、产乙酸途径和硫化物相关的代谢潜能，表明不同亚群具有多样的代谢能力和生态功能。亚群Bathy-21和Bathy-22位于深古菌系统发育树根部，是目前已知最古老的两个深古菌亚群。它们广泛分布于热液（泉）环境中，并编码超嗜热适应性特征的标记基因逆促旋酶（reverse gyrase, rgy）。综上，本研究对深古菌门的核心代谢能力进行了系统性研究和总结，并揭示了深古菌热环境起源的演化历史。

关键词：深古菌宏基因组比较基因组超嗜热适应性

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中医的渊源和对中医学发展的思考

王文奎,王峰,王岭

《中国工程科学》 2006年第8卷第4期页码 1-11

摘要：

传统的中医学源远流长，博大精深，疗效显著，由于种种历史原因，加之自身流派众多，传承艰难，流传至今，已不能满足现代社会的发展与要求。中医要发展，须走“医学衷中纳西”的与时俱进之路。中医自身要统一理论认识，统一辩证纲领，统一到“五脏阴阳”之中，以“三维守恒”指导辩证，要明确医学的目的，认识生命的本质和生命运动的机制；要宏观与微观相结合，整体与局部相统一，以唯象涵盖唯物，以辩证指导分析，以调为本，以平为期；要司岁备药，先法制病，对中药剂型进行改进，以适应社会发展的需要。

关键词：中医发展历程与现状衷中纳西中药剂型

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Desertification: China provides a solution to a global challenge

Yingshuang BAO, Leilei CHENG, Yanfeng BAO, Liu YANG, Lina JIANG, Chao LONG, Zhe KONG, Peng PENG, Jun XIAO, Qi LU

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第4卷第4期页码 402-413 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2017187

摘要： Desertification has been caused by various factors and is a major environmental problem and development bottleneck faced by the world. It is also a serious threat to ecological security and to sustainable economic and social development. As a stubborn world problem, focused on by the United Nations 2030 sustainable development goal 15.3, China aims to combat desertification by implementing the “eight-column four-beam” strategy, and also suggest the “four-medicine” approach for global desertification governance. This includes the development of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification protocol, unified global compliance and compliance metrics; building a global observation network, and monitoring land changes based on remote sense; preparing the global natural desert (heritage) list, leaving the original deserts for future generations; initiating the global action of combating desertification, and striving to achieve a land degradation-neutral world by 2030.

关键词： desertification global governance land degradation neutrality LDN origin status strategy sustainable development

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雅砻江普斯罗坝址深部裂缝带成因的探讨

李玶,李愿军,杨美娥,赵东芝

《中国工程科学》 2007年第9卷第3期页码 11-20

摘要：

雅砻江普斯罗坝址在工程勘探过程中，发现了深部裂缝带，裂缝带位于１００～２００m深处，与地表有巨厚的完整岩体相隔，产状与该区的一组NE向断裂基本一致；断层物质的最新形成年龄为２畅７～９万年，裂缝面上有水平、斜向和上下擦痕，表明深部裂缝带可能是断裂带新活动的结果。断裂新活动所产生的地震波，受到疏松破碎带的阻挡，导致深部裂缝带出现。这一成因机制，在地下核爆炸和岩石动力学的试验观测中有所证实。

关键词：雅砻江普斯罗坝址深部裂缝带卸荷和重力滑塌活断层

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基于高κ/GaAs界面态起源的材料设计 Article

Weichao Wang,Cheng Gong,Ka Xiong,Santosh K.C.,Robert M. Wallace,Kyeongjae Cho

《工程（英文）》 2015年第1卷第3期页码 372-377 doi: 10.15302/J-ENG-2015052

摘要：

为了满足微电子器件不断扩展到更小尺寸的需求，SiO₂栅极介电层被高介电常量材料Hf(Zr)O₂所替代，以尽可能减少流过介电薄膜的漏电流。然而，与高介电常量 (高κ) 电介质连接时，传统Si通道中的电子迁移率由于库仑散射、表面粗糙度散射、远程声子散射和介电电荷捕获而有所下降。III-V和Ge是两个有希望的候选材料，其迁移率均优于Si。尽管如此，与Si基界面相比，Hf(Zr)O₂/III-V(Ge) 的界面结合更为复杂。成功制造高质量器件关键在于优化器件界面设计时对Hf(Zr)O₂/III-V(Ge) 界面结合结构的理解与设计。因此，从原子尺度准确了解界面结合与界面态形成的机制变得尤为重要。在本文中，笔者利用第一性原理计算方法，对HfO₂与GaAs之间的界面性质进行了研究。结果表明，隙间态主要由As—As二聚物键合、Ga部分氧化( 在3+和1+之间) 和Ga—悬挂键贡献。这些研究成果能为最优化界面钝化提供重要的指导意见。

关键词：高迁移率器件高&kappa /III-V界面界面态第一性原理计算方法

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新冠病毒传播的可能路径：自然宿主–环境介质–人 Perspective

李淼, 杨云锋, 陆韻, 张大奕, 刘毅, 崔小凤, 杨蕾, 刘锐平, 刘建国, 李广贺, 曲久辉

《工程（英文）》 2020年第6卷第10期页码 1085-1098 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.08.010

摘要：

传统上，识别第一个感染病例（零号病人）是追溯病毒来源的关键，但是，常常很难找到零号病人。特别是如果零号病人无症状或症状非常轻微，无看医生或相关病情记录，可能永远也无法找到。因此，是否可以跳过零号病人追溯到病毒的来源？针对上述问题，研究中分析了人类历史上的病毒暴发以及病毒在环境中的存活时间等。发现很大比例的疫情事件都是由人类直接接触带有传染性病毒的环境介质而引起的，同时病毒可以在环境介质中长期保持活性。另一方面，随着人类活动能力不断增强，与动物等生存空间的逐渐重叠，人类与带病毒环境介质（我们称之为“环境准宿主”）之间的接触大大增加。因此，研究中提出了跳过零号病人在环境中追溯病毒来源的可能路径，即以携带SARS-CoV-2或RaTG3相关冠状病毒的环境介质为目标，基于自然宿主–环境介质（环境准宿主）–人的传播路径，进行新冠病毒溯源。

关键词：新冠病毒溯源环境准宿主零号病人 SARS-CoV-2 传播路径