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Correspondence: Monopulse transmitarray antenna fed by aperture-coupled microstrip structure Correspondence

Na KOU, Shixing YU, Zhao DING, Zhengping ZHANG,nkou@gzu.edu.cn,sxyu1@gzu.edu.cn,zding@gzu.edu.cn,zpzhang@gzu.edu.cn

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2022, Volume 23, Issue 3,   Pages 502-510 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2000547

Abstract: Monopulse technique, also known as the simultaneous beam comparison method, is used mainly to measure the direction of arrival (DOA) (Sherman and Barton, 2011). Before the advent of monopulse technology, the method most widely used in radar direction finding was the lobe-switching technique (sequential lobing) (Lo, 1999). Compared with the sequential lobing method, the monopulse antenna can obtain information such as the pitch angle, azimuth angle, and distance of the target in a single pulse period (Vazquez-Roy et al., 2019). Due to the need for higher accuracy of angle measurement, the monopulse technique has been widely applied in SOTM missile guidance (Roy et al., 2019). When a monopulse system is working, multiple independent channels are adopted to receive signals reflected by targets at the same time. Then signals enter the comparator and finally the distance and angle information of targets can be obtained. There are three main types of monopulse antennas: lenses, reflectors, and arrays. A dielectric lens is generally a convex lens (Raman et al., 1998), which is difficult to manufacture due to its curved shape, high volume, and large mass. For common reflectors such as dish antennas, the feed and supporting structure are in front of the aperture, so a shielding effect will result in energy loss, sidelobe increase, and angle measurement error (Kou and Cheng, 2019). A more effective reflector is the Cassegrain antenna, which is more compact with dual reflectors (Zheng et al., 2016, 2017). However, the Cassegrain antenna has the problem of shielding effect caused by a secondary reflector and support rods. With growing demand for low cost and lightweight monopulse antennas in modern radar and telecommunications systems, array antennas are increasingly applied in monopulse antennas due to their characteristics of high gain and easy control of the beam direction. A typical example is the waveguide slot array, which has the advantages of low loss, low sidelobe level, and no aperture shielding problem (Vosoogh et al., 2018). The microstrip has attracted much attention in monopulse antennas because of its advantages of low profile, simple structure, and low cost (Yu et al., 2009; Kumar and Kumar, 2018). However, monopulse microstrip array antennas usually have a complex feed network, which often makes them large and expensive. In addition, substrate integrated waveguides (SIWs) (Cao et al., 2017; Zhu et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2019) and leaky wave antennas (LWAs) (Poveda-García et al., 2019) have been applied in monopulse antennas, with good results. Recently, reflectarrays have been proposed for use in monopulse antennas, and have shown good performance (Zhao et al., 2017, 2018). As an alternative to reflectarrays, transmitarrays not only have the advantages of reflectarrays, but also have no shielding effect from the feeds. Di Palma et al. (2016) proposed a 400-element reconfigurable transmitarray antenna to synthesize monopulse radiation patterns. However, the sum and difference patterns generated by the reconfigurable transmitarray antenna, which is controlled electronically by switches instead of by a SUM-DIFF comparator, are in time division.

Keywords： 孔径耦合；单脉冲天线；微带；透射阵列    

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Nanobubble Dynamics in Aqueous Surfactant Solutions Studied by Liquid-Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy Letter

Yuna Bae, Sungsu Kang a,b, Byung Hyo Kim, Kitaek Lim, Sungho Jeon, Sangdeok Shim, Won Chul Lee, Jungwon Park

Engineering 2021, Volume 7, Issue 5,   Pages 630-635 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.02.006

Abstract:

Nanobubbles have attracted considerable attention in various industrial applications due to their exceptionally long lifetime and their potential as carriers at the nanoscale. The stability and physiochemical properties of nanobubbles are highly sensitive to the presence of surfactants that can lower their surface tension or improve their electrostatic stabilization. Herein, we report real-time observations of the dynamic behaviors of nanobubbles in the presence of soluble surfactants. Using liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with multi-chamber graphene liquid cells, bulk nanobubbles and surface nanobubbles were observed in the same imaging condition. Our direct observations of nanobubbles indicate that stable gas transport frequently occurs without interfaces merging, while a narrow distance is maintained between the interfaces of interacting surfactant-laden nanobubbles. Our results also elucidate that the interface curvature of nanobubbles is an important factor that determines their interfacial stability.

Keywords： Nanobubbles     In situ TEM     Liquid-phase TEM     Surfactant    

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Wideband circular-polarized transmitarray for generating a high-purity vortex beam Correspondence

Liangjie QIU, Xiuping LI, Zihang QI, Wenyu ZHAO, Yuhan HUANG,xpli@bupt.edu.cn

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2023, Volume 24, Issue 6,   Pages 927-934 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2200539

Abstract: In this correspondence, a wideband circular-polarized (CP) transmitarray (TA) in the Ka-band is presented for generating a high-purity vortex beam. The proposed element is composed of two identical combinations separated by an air layer. The subwavelength structure and double-resonance characteristics ensure the stable phase shift of the element within the 1-dB transmission bandwidth of 28.4%. A square aperture TA fed by a horn antenna is fabricated and measured. Owing to the honeycomb arrangement of elements, the mode purity of l​​=​​−1 is >0.93 in a wide band from 28.5 to 38 GHz. The measured peak gain is 22.3 dBic, and the 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth is 27.6%. The performance of the proposed antenna demonstrates its potential for high-capacity wireless communication and high-quality radar imaging.

Keywords： 轨道角动量；涡旋波束；透射阵；宽带；高纯度    

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利用对称结构和结合差分进化的文化算法检测阵列中的故障传感器 Article

Shafqat Ullah KHAN,Ijaz Mansoor QURESHI,Fawad ZAMAN,Wasim KHAN

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2017, Volume 18, Issue 2,   Pages 235-245 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1500315

Abstract: 本文解决了从N个传感器组成的线性阵列中检测完全或部分缺陷传感器的问题。本文首先提出了一种线性阵列的对称结构，其次，基于结合差分进化的文化算法，建立了一种混合技术。

Keywords： 文化算法；差分进化；线性对称传感器阵列    

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The Optimization of the Monopulse Antenna Based on Genetic Algorithms

Wang Hongjian,Gao Benqing,Liu Ruixiang

Strategic Study of CAE 2002, Volume 4, Issue 5,   Pages 84-87

Abstract:

The sum and difference patterns as well as the directivity of the monopulse antenna arrays are optimized based on genetic algorithms (GA). When only the sum pattern is optimized as usual, the difference pattern and gain can not be guaranteed, so the track precision and effective distance of the antenna or missile will be impaired. However, using GA, the sum pattern, difference pattern and directivity can be optimized thoroughly for the antenna design.

Keywords： monopulse antenna array     genetic algorithm     pattern     directivity    

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A Polarization Programmable Antenna Array Article

Dingzhao Chen, Yanhui Liu, Ming Li, Pan Guo, Zhuo Zeng, Jun Hu, Y. Jay Guo

Engineering 2022, Volume 16, Issue 9,   Pages 100-114 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.03.015

Abstract:

Reconfigurable antennas are becoming a major antenna technology for future wireless communications and sensing systems. It is known that, with a single linear polarization (LP) reconfigurable antenna element, a preferred polarization can be produced from a set of multiple polarization states, thus improving the quality of the communication link. This paper presents a new concept of a polarization programmable reconfigurable antenna array that consists of a number of polarization reconfigurable antenna elements with a finite number of possible polarization states. By employing a new optimization strategy and programming the polarization states of all the array elements, we demonstrate that it is possible to realize any desired LP in the vectorial array radiation pattern with accurate control of sidelobe and crosspolarization levels (XPLs), thereby achieving the desired polarization to perfectly match that of the required communications signal. Both numerical and experimental results are provided to prove the concept, and they agree well with each other.

Keywords： 阵列天线     极化可编程天线     可重构天线    

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Decoupling methods of MIMO antenna arrays for 5G applications: a review Review Articles

Xiao-xi ZHANG, Ai-di REN, Ying LIU

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2020, Volume 21, Issue 1,   Pages 62-71 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1900466

Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technique is a key technique for communication in the future. It can effectively enhance channel capacity. For future fifth-generation (5G) terminals, it is still a challenging task to realize desirable isolation within a compact size. To achieve an acceptable isolation level, many decoupling methods have been developed. We review the most recent research on decoupling methods, including the employment of external decoupling structures, orthogonal modes, and reduction of ground effect, and discuss the development trends of the MIMO array in 5G smartphones.

Keywords： MIMO array     5G smartphone     Decoupling methods    

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Dynamic power-gating for leakage power reduction in FPGAs Research Article

Hadi JAHANIRAD,h.jahanirad@uok.ac.ir

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2023, Volume 24, Issue 4,   Pages 582-598 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2200084

Abstract: devices have become widespread in electronic systems due to their low design costs and reconfigurability. In battery-restricted applications such as handheld electronics systems, low-power FPGAs are in great demand. almost equals dynamic power in modern integrated circuit technologies, so the reduction of leads to significant energy savings. We propose a power-efficient architecture for static random access memory (SRAM) based FPGAs, in which two modes (active mode and sleep mode) are defined for each module. In sleep mode, ultra-low is consumed by the module. The module mode changes dynamically from sleep mode to active mode when module outputs evaluate for new input vectors. After producing the correct outputs, the module returns to sleep mode. The proposed circuit design reduces the consumption in both active and sleep modes. The proposed low-leakage FPGA architecture is compared with state-of-the-art architectures by implementing Microelectronics Center of North Carolina (MCNC) benchmark circuits on FPGA-SPICE software. Simulation results show an approximately 95% reduction in consumption in sleep mode. Moreover, the total power consumption (leakage+dynamic power consumption) is reduced by more than 15% compared with that of the best previous design. The average area overhead (4.26%) is less than those of other designs.

Keywords： Field programmable gate array (FPGA)     Leakage power     Power-gating     Transistor-level circuit design    

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Dot-shaped beamforming analysis of subarray-based sin-FDA Research Article

Bo Wang, Jun-wei Xie, Jing Zhang, Jia-ang Ge,wb_wangbo1991@163.com

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2019, Volume 20, Issue 10,   Pages 1429-1444 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1800722

Abstract: Phased array (PA) radar is one of the most popular types of radar. In contrast to PA, the (FDA) is a potential solution to suppress range-related interference because of its time-range-angle-dependent beampattern. However, the range-angle coupling inherent in the FDA transmit beampattern may degrade the output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). We propose a method based on the analyzed four subarray-based FDAs and subarray-based planar FDAs using a sinusoidally increasing frequency offset with elements transmitting at multiple frequencies. The numerical results show that the proposed approach outperforms the existing log-FDA with logarithmical frequency offset in transmit energy focus, sidelobe suppression, and array resolution. Comparative simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Keywords： 频率分集阵列；子阵频率分集阵列；解耦；点状波束形成    

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Feature selection techniques for microarray datasets: a comprehensive review, taxonomy, and future directions Review

Kulanthaivel BALAKRISHNAN, Ramasamy DHANALAKSHMI,bala.k.btech@gmail.com,r_dhanalakshmi@yahoo.com

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2022, Volume 23, Issue 10,   Pages 1451-1478 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2100569

Abstract:

For optimal results, retrieving a relevant feature from a has become a hot topic for researchers involved in the study of (FS) techniques. The aim of this review is to provide a thorough description of various, recent FS techniques. This review also focuses on the techniques proposed for s to work on multiclass classification problems and on different ways to enhance the performance of learning algorithms. We attempt to understand and resolve the imbalance problem of datasets to substantiate the work of researchers working on s. An analysis of the literature paves the way for comprehending and highlighting the multitude of challenges and issues in finding the optimal feature subset using various FS techniques. A case study is provided to demonstrate the process of implementation, in which three microarray cancer datasets are used to evaluate the classification accuracy and convergence ability of several wrappers and hybrid algorithms to identify the optimal feature subset.

Keywords： Feature selection     High dimensionality     Learning techniques     Microarray dataset    

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High-Throughput Powder Diffraction Using White X-Ray Beam and a Simulated Energy-Dispersive Array Detector Article

Xiaoping Wang, Weiwei Dong, Peng Zhang, Haoqi Tang, Lanting Zhang, Tieying Yang, Peng Liu, Hong Wang, X.-D. Xiang

Engineering 2022, Volume 10, Issue 3,   Pages 81-88 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.05.023

Abstract:

High-throughput powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) with white X-ray beam and an energy-dispersive detector array are demonstrated in this work on a CeO2 powder sample on a bending magnet synchrotron beamline at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), using a simulated energy-dispersive array detector consisting of a spatially scanning silicon-drift detector (SDD). Careful analysis and corrections are applied to account for various experimental hardware-related and diffraction angle-related factors. The resulting diffraction patterns show that the relative strength between different diffraction peaks from energy-dispersive XRD (EDXRD) spectra is consistent with that from angle-resolved XRD (ARXRD), which is necessary for analyzing crystal structures for unknown samples. The X-ray fluorescence (XRF) signal is collected simultaneously. XRF counts from all pixels are integrated directly by energy, while the diffraction spectra are integrated by d-spacing, resulting in a much improved peak strength and signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio for the array detector. In comparison with ARXRD, the diffraction signal generated by a white X-ray beam over monochromic light under the experimental conditions is about 104 times higher. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the peaks in q-space is found to be dependent on the energy resolution of the detector, the angle span of the detector, and the diffraction angle. It is possible for EDXRD to achieve the same or even smaller FWHM as ARXRD under the energy resolution of the current detector if the experimental parameters are properly chosen.

Keywords： High-throughput experiment     White beam X-ray diffraction     Energy-dispersive array detector     Energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction     Angle-resolved X-ray diffraction    

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Enhanced collection of scattered photons in nonlinear fluorescence microscopy by extended epi-detection with a silicon photomultiplier array Research Articles

Ruheng Shi, Cheng Jin, Chi Liu, Lingjie Kong,konglj@tsinghua.edu.cn

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2021, Volume 22, Issue 10,   Pages 1289-1298 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2000410

Abstract: To maximize signal collection in nonlinear optical microscopy, non-descanned epi-detection is generally adopted for in vivo imaging. However, because of severe scattering in biological samples, most of the emitted fluorescence photons go beyond the collection angles of objectives and thus cannot be detected. Here, we propose an extended detection scheme to enhance the collection of scattered photons in using a ahead of the front apertures of objectives. We perform numerical simulations to demonstrate the enhanced fluorescence collection via in the multi-photon fluorescence imaging of human skin and mouse brain through craniotomy windows and intact skulls. For example, with red fluorescence emission at a depth of 600 μm in human skin, the increased collection can be as much as about 150% with a 10×, 0.6-NA objective. We show that is a generally applicable, feasible technique for use in to enhance signal detection.

Keywords： 扩展背向探测；增强探测；非线性荧光显微镜；硅光电倍增管阵列    

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Optimal array factor radiation pattern synthesis for linear antenna array using cat swarm optimization: validation by an electromagnetic simulator Article

Gopi RAM, Durbadal MANDAL, Sakti Prasad GHOSHAL, Rajib KAR

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2017, Volume 18, Issue 4,   Pages 570-577 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1500371

Abstract: In this paper, an optimal design of linear antenna arrays having microstrip patch antenna elements has been carried out. Cat swarm optimization (CSO) has been applied for the optimization of the control parameters of radiation pattern of an antenna array. The optimal radiation patterns of isotropic antenna elements are obtained by optimizing the current excitation weight of each element and the inter-element spacing. The antenna arrays of 12, 16, and 20 elements are taken as examples. The arrays are designed by using MATLAB computation and are validated through Computer Simulation Technology-Microwave Studio (CST-MWS). From the simulation results it is evident that CSO is able to yield the optimal design of linear antenna arrays of patch antenna elements.

Keywords： Patch antenna     Linear antenna array     Cat swarm optimization (CSO)     Side lobe level (SLL)    

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Design of a PCB stator coreless axial flux permanent magnet synchronous motor based on a novel topology Halbach array Regular Papers

Xiao-yuan WANG, Xiang LI, Chun-peng LI, Si-jia XU, Le-tao LING

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2019, Volume 20, Issue 3,   Pages 414-424 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1700345

Abstract:

A novel topology Halbach permanent magnet array is proposed and applied to the design of a printed circuit board (PCB) axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) motor. Compared with the traditional coreless AFPM motor, this novel topology for a Halbach permanent magnet array PCB stator AFPM motor has larger air-gap magnetic flux density and air-gap flux per pole. The magnetic flux leakage is effectively reduced, and the air-gap magnetic density is close to the sine wave. Results of the finite element analysis and prototype experiments verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the novel Halbach permanent magnet array PCB stator motor. A reference basis and practical value for the design of the PCB AFPM motor are provided.

Keywords： Axial flux permanent magnet synchronous motor     Printed circuit board     Halbach permanent magnet array     Finite element method    

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Deceptive jamming discrimination based on range-anglelocalization of a frequency diverse array Article

Zhao-jian ZHANG, Jun-wei XIE, Chuan SHENG, Zhun TANG

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2017, Volume 18, Issue 9,   Pages 1437-1446 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1601577

Abstract: We propose a method to suppress deceptive jamming by frequencydiverse array (FDA) in radar electronic countermeasure environments.FDA offers a new range-angle-dependent beam pattern through a smallfrequency increment across elements. Due to the coupling between theangle and range, a mismatch between the test angle and physical angleoccurs when the slant range on which the beam focuses is not equalto the slant range of the real target. In addition, the range of thetarget can be extracted by sum-difference beam except for time-delaytesting, because the beam provides a range resolution in the FDA thatcannot be deceived by traditional deceptive jamming. A strategy ofusing FDA to transmit two pulses with zero and nonzero frequency increments,respectively, is proposed to ensure that the angle of a target canbe obtained by FDA. Moreover, the localization performance is examinedby analyzing the Cramer-Rao lower bound and detection probability.Effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed by simulation results.

Keywords： Frequency diverse array (FDA)     Deceptive jamming     Range-angle coupling     Sum-difference beam     Double-pulse    

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Title Author Date Type Operation

Correspondence: Monopulse transmitarray antenna fed by aperture-coupled microstrip structure

Na KOU, Shixing YU, Zhao DING, Zhengping ZHANG,nkou@gzu.edu.cn,sxyu1@gzu.edu.cn,zding@gzu.edu.cn,zpzhang@gzu.edu.cn

Journal Article

Nanobubble Dynamics in Aqueous Surfactant Solutions Studied by Liquid-Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy

Yuna Bae, Sungsu Kang a,b, Byung Hyo Kim, Kitaek Lim, Sungho Jeon, Sangdeok Shim, Won Chul Lee, Jungwon Park

Journal Article

Wideband circular-polarized transmitarray for generating a high-purity vortex beam

Liangjie QIU, Xiuping LI, Zihang QI, Wenyu ZHAO, Yuhan HUANG,xpli@bupt.edu.cn

Journal Article

利用对称结构和结合差分进化的文化算法检测阵列中的故障传感器

Shafqat Ullah KHAN,Ijaz Mansoor QURESHI,Fawad ZAMAN,Wasim KHAN

Journal Article

The Optimization of the Monopulse Antenna Based on Genetic Algorithms

Wang Hongjian,Gao Benqing,Liu Ruixiang

Journal Article

A Polarization Programmable Antenna Array

Dingzhao Chen, Yanhui Liu, Ming Li, Pan Guo, Zhuo Zeng, Jun Hu, Y. Jay Guo

Journal Article

Decoupling methods of MIMO antenna arrays for 5G applications: a review

Xiao-xi ZHANG, Ai-di REN, Ying LIU

Journal Article

Dynamic power-gating for leakage power reduction in FPGAs

Hadi JAHANIRAD,h.jahanirad@uok.ac.ir

Journal Article

Dot-shaped beamforming analysis of subarray-based sin-FDA

Bo Wang, Jun-wei Xie, Jing Zhang, Jia-ang Ge,wb_wangbo1991@163.com

Journal Article

Feature selection techniques for microarray datasets: a comprehensive review, taxonomy, and future directions

Kulanthaivel BALAKRISHNAN, Ramasamy DHANALAKSHMI,bala.k.btech@gmail.com,r_dhanalakshmi@yahoo.com

Journal Article

High-Throughput Powder Diffraction Using White X-Ray Beam and a Simulated Energy-Dispersive Array Detector

Xiaoping Wang, Weiwei Dong, Peng Zhang, Haoqi Tang, Lanting Zhang, Tieying Yang, Peng Liu, Hong Wang, X.-D. Xiang

Journal Article

Enhanced collection of scattered photons in nonlinear fluorescence microscopy by extended epi-detection with a silicon photomultiplier array

Ruheng Shi, Cheng Jin, Chi Liu, Lingjie Kong,konglj@tsinghua.edu.cn

Journal Article

Optimal array factor radiation pattern synthesis for linear antenna array using cat swarm optimization: validation by an electromagnetic simulator

Gopi RAM, Durbadal MANDAL, Sakti Prasad GHOSHAL, Rajib KAR

Journal Article

Design of a PCB stator coreless axial flux permanent magnet synchronous motor based on a novel topology Halbach array

Xiao-yuan WANG, Xiang LI, Chun-peng LI, Si-jia XU, Le-tao LING

Journal Article

Deceptive jamming discrimination based on range-anglelocalization of a frequency diverse array

Zhao-jian ZHANG, Jun-wei XIE, Chuan SHENG, Zhun TANG

Journal Article