Innovation is most important for developing economy in China. In this paper, the author discussed the excellent character for a talented person in innovation, the basic principle of innovatory thought and the executive method and steps. He explained that the scientific thought was the most important means for innovation by his experiences. He emphasized that firm confidence, strong wish in innovation and deep and wide knowledge were the foundation of innovation.
South China has become the third largest region with heavy acid deposition after Europe and North America. The land seriously impacted by acid deposition has extended from 1.75 million km2 in 1985 to 2.8 million km2 in 1993. Acid deposition has serious damaged the terrestrial ecosystems. In this paper, the results of experimental and field studies on the impacts of acid deposition on agricultural crops, forests, soils and aquatic biota is reported. Annual economic losses in crops and forests due to acid deposition in 11 provinces of South China were estimated to be 4.26 billion Yuan (RMB) and 18.3 billion Yuan (RMB) , respectively. Acid deposition in south China is typical “sulfuric acid type”.According to the view of sustainable development, some control strategies are brought forward： 1. Strengthing environmental management, specifying acid deposition control area, and controlling and abating the total emission amount of SO2.2. Employing practical techniques of clean coal, such as techniques of washing pyrite off from raw coal, industrial sulfur-fixed briqutte, and abating sulfur from waste gas, etc. 3. Developing alternative energy sources to replace coal, including hydroenergy, nuclear, solar and wind energy, etc. 4. In acid deposition region of South China, selecting acid-resistant crop and tree species to reduce agriculture and forestry losses, planting more green fertilizer crops, using organic fertilizers and liming to raise buffer capacities of soils.
The manufacture industryis faced with serious challenge due to the situation of market globalization. How to change the passive position for most enterprises that lack of competitiveness. The active countermeasures is to go and to meet the challenge. From the strategy point of view, implementing the structural reform, developing the machine-tool industry with NC machine tool as the focal point, should be the right way to promote the manufacture. The author describes the engengering and developing of FMT, which is based on the application of NC machine tool, to proof the feasibility of the strategy and expounds that the strategy is in keeping with the historical certainty of the development of human production mode. The author also expresses his opinion about the problem arising during the reform.
In this paper is given briefly a survey of situation of simulating pulsed x-ray with high current pulsed electron beam accelerator. It´s indicated that technology of high pulsed power Z-pinch has vast application prospects in the realization of ultraintensive pulsed x-ray simulator and ICF driver as a chief technological way. Also are described the progress and the current status of simulators for pulsed x-ray in China, and proposals for the future development of Z-pinch technology.
Facing the market economy and global challenge, the development of manufacturing industry, especially casting industry is critical to the national economy. However, there is quite a large technical gap between the casting industries at home and abroad. The views on the future trend of innovative casting technologies are consistent at home and abroad. They are： 1) key technology for manufacturing super large and heavy castings for the national engineering projects, 2) net shape casting technologies, and 3) application of modeling and simulation technology to substitute the traditional trial and error method. To reform the traditional casting industry by using computer technology is one of the hottest research frontiers attracted by many researchers and engineers. Computer simulation of solidification process of shaped casting can assure the quality of casting, optimize the casting technology, shorten the lead time and, therefore, decrease the developing and manufacturing cost. Recently, numerical simulation of mold - filling and solidification processes of casting and the prediction of shrinkage defects, etc. , have been put into application in many casting plants at home and abroad, and great progress in stress analysis and microstructure simulation has been achieved.
The Tarim gas province consist of two major gas regions (Tabei-kuqa and Taxinan). The Tabei region has becom one of the largest natural gas belts in China. In the north of this region, there exist exceptionally large gas fields. Due to the high relief of topography and complexity of geological structure in the region, traditional exploration methods could not be used .Through nearly ten years of tackling of key technical problems, significant progress was made, such as pioneering of seismic exploration in mountain areas, new interpretation of comprehensive geological results and successful drilling under complex geological conditions.
All those technical innovations have greatly facilitated the development of natural gas in Kuqa area and a giant gas field, Kela No.2 (Kara-Ⅱ) was discovered. The proven reserve of natural gas in this gas field is 250.6 billion cubic meters which makes it a major gas source of the “West-to-East Gas Transmitting Project.” The proven natural gas reserve of the Tarim Basin is 468.8 cubic meters (16.5 TCF). The discovery is a catalyst for the commencement of the project to transmit natural gas from the Tarim Basin to Eastern China.
In this paper, swine breeding process in the world, especially in China was summarized, including the investigation of native breed resources, importing excellent foreign breeds, selection of new breeds and special lines, cross utilization of special lines, breeding swine testing , etc. The application and achievements of molecular genetics and biotechnology in swine breeding were briefly introduced. The goals of swine breeding in 21st century were discussed, and some suggestion on selection and breeding of new breeds, preservation of swine genetic resources, breeding swine testing system and application of molecular genetics and biotechnology in swine breeding were presented.
In this paper, a design of block cipher substitution network is presented by use of the ergodic theory of chaos. The ergodic theory of chaos and the time complexity of substitution network is analyzed. The computer simulation result shows that the block cipher substitution network of chaos is highly complex and strong in anti-decipher .
Knowledge has been very important wealth to the mankind but there has not a knowledge theory existed yet till the present time. An attempt is thus made in the paper to present a framework of knowledge theory that includes two parts: fundamentals and the main body of knowledge theory. The first part is to deal with a series of basic issues such as the related concepts and definitions, the methods of representation, the measurements, the reasoning and decision rules. The second part is to explore the mechanism of knowledge formation based on information processing and the mechanism of intelligence formation based on the activation of knowledge. It is believed that the establishment of the knowledge theory will lay a solid foundation to the unified theory of information, knowledge, and intelligence and will greatly facilitate the effective utilization of information and knowledge, leading to the growth of the research in the field of intelligent machines.
Based on the concepts of the fuzzy weighted distance and membership degree, the fuzzy optimum selection dynamic programming technique that can be used for the optimization of multi-objective and multi-stage systems are developed by means of the combination of fuzzy optimum selection theory with dynamic programming technique. This is a new methodology for solving the multi-objective optimization problems of multi-stage systems. Finally, an application to the optimization of a multiple reactor system is given as an example.
The nonlinear effect of perimeter joint on the performance of Xiao Wan high arch dam (292.0m high) is studied with nonlinear FEM in this paper. Nonlinear relation between the stress and deformation on the surface of the joint is adopted, and coupling effect between material nonlinearity of the dam, foundation and contact nonlinerity of joint is considered, opening and slipping of the joint are modeled in the analysis. Variation of the stress and displacement at the key location of the arch dam with perimeter joint on different crack depth, different elevation and with or without water pressure on the crack face is compared. Crack and yield near dam heel with or without joint are studied, The result of analysis demonstrates that setting perimeter joint could reduce cantilever stress near the dam heel effectively, and the stress near dam heel with joint has a great improvement ,while little difference of stress and displacement occurs on the other location of the dam.
The vibration test, numerical simulation and compaction experiment of the chaotic vibratory rollers (three types： 0.75t, 101 and 14t) are completed for transform theoretical research of chaotic vibration mechanics into technology achievement in road roller engineering.
It is proved that the working efficiency of chaotic vibratory roller is 12.2% higher than that of traditional one. One type of heavy chaotic vibratory roller (14t) is used in highway development in west China.
Resettlement and rehabilitation generally means the moving house not of one´s own accord and helping settle down caused by engineering projects. The decision includes layout decision and management decision and this is a new issue in China and abread. Based on GIS, the DSS for resettlement and rehabilitation is an efficient means for science decision. This paper probed into the theory and method of decision-making support for resettlement and rehabilitation, and made an experiment in line with Wanjiazhao Reservoiv Project.
Pyrolysis, pyrolysis-catalytic upgrading and catalytic pyrolysis have been developed to convert polypropylene waste to diesel and gasoline fractions. The result shows that polypropylene waste can be used as feedstock for cracking to oil without being cleaned. The components in gaseous products , gasoline and diesel fractions were analyzed and the RON for the gasoline obtained by three methods is 80, 87.3—90.8, 84.5～88.6 and the cetane number index for the diesel obtained are 45.35, 42.42—42.72, 40.56～45.30 respectively. Three methods were evaluated in a comprehensive view and the result shows that pyrolysis-catalytic upgrading is the most feasible way to convert plastic waste to oil in a large scale.
China has the richest rare earth resources in the world.The annual processing capacity of REO (rare earth oxides) had reached 110 kt in 1998, which was almost twice the world demand. As a result, its rare earth has to rely on export. The exported rare earth accounts for two thirds of its total production. The better way out for this problem is to develop new products, especially the high-tech materials and high value-added products, then industrialize them and exploit further domestic and overseas markets. The application of rare earth in fields of metallurgy, permanent magnet, hydrogen storage alloys (nickel metal hydride battery, power source for electromobile, etc.), catalysis (in petroleum cracking and automobile exhaust emission control), solid oxide fuel cell and laser materials, etc., is described in this paper.
As the information infrastructure for the meteorological services in China, meteorological telecommunication networks and computer systems have made great progress in terms of networking and computer applications. For the 21st century, the meteorological services in China will continue to be improved with leaps and bounds, the meteorological information infrastructure will also be further strengthened and along developed the expansion and advance of the national information infrastructure. This article introduces the developments regarding both meteorological telecommunication networks and computer systems, and presents the status of the construction in modernized system projects of China Meteorological Administration as well as it´s engineering applications .
This Issue
Sep 2000, Volume 2 Issue 9