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HIGH QUALITY DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH FOR SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION AND ECOLOGICAL PROTECTION ON THE LOESS

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第8卷第4期页码 501-511 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2021425

摘要：

The Loess Plateau is the core area in the Yellow River basin for implementing environmental protection and high-quality development strategies. A series of ecological projects has implemented aimed at soil and water conservation and ecological management on the Loess Plateau over the past 70 years. The effects of the ecological projects are apparent mainly through a marked increase in vegetation cover, controlled soil erosion and reduced flow of sediment into the Yellow River, continual optimization of the industrial structure and increased production from arable land, poverty alleviation and greater prosperity, and optimal allocation of space for biological organisms. Major problems have also been analyzed in ecological management including the fragile ecosystem of the region, maintaining the stability of vegetation, lower agricultural productivity and continued risk from natural disasters. Some suitable schemes and models have been developed for the coordinated development of the region through research and demonstration, striking the optimum balance between rural industry and ecology, and increased regional capacity to supply high-quality ecological products. Countermeasures to address the problems are suggested to guide ecological management and high-quality development in the future.

关键词： ecological management high quality development industrial structure soil erosion soil and water conservation Loess Plateau

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Transforming the Loess Plateau of China

Yuheng LI,Guoming DU,Yansui LIU

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第3卷第3期页码 181-185 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2016110

摘要： This paper aims to show the importance of land consolidation in transforming the Loess Plateau of China. The paper comprehensively analyzes how over recent decades the Grain for Green Project and Gully Land Consolidation Project jointly transformed the ecology and landscape of the Loess Plateau and the livelihood of its residents. The findings show that these two projects have achieved a balance between green protection, new land creation, and improved food security and livelihood of local people in the hilly areas of China. The paper points out that the successful transformation of the Plateau lies in a holistic approach incorporating various components of the human and natural systems. Finally, the paper highlights the necessity of retaining these two land consolidation projects as part of an ongoing policy in the mountain and hilly areas of China, changing agricultural management to suit the new relationship between humans and the land.

关键词： China critical zone land consolidation Loess Plateau sustainability

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Exemplary project of green cave dwellings in Loess Plateau

Jiaping LIU, Xinrong ZHU, Liu YANG, Rongrong HU,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第1期页码 122-130 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0005-1

摘要： The total annual energy consumption of people in rural areas in China is about 190 million tons of standard coal, and is still growing rapidly with the improvement of living standards. The reduction of this energy consumption is a key issue in China’s sustainable development. Focusing on the energy conservation of cave dwellings in the Loess Plateau, this paper aims to create a new prototype of cave dwelling that not only satisfies the requirements of the modern life of the residents but also inherits the energy-efficiency of traditional cave dwellings. For this purpose, a model cave dwelling is built at Zaoyuan Village, a cave-dwelling community in Yan’an, Shaanxi Province. In this cave dwelling, modern building energy efficiency principles and strategies such as natural ventilation, natural lighting, passive solar heating and earth cooling method are adopted. From the testing and subjective survey, it can be concluded that the new cave dwelling inherits the advantages of the traditional ones and has excellent performance in energy-efficiency, thermal comfort, and natural lighting.

关键词： new cave dwellings green buildings the Loess Plateau energy efficiency

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TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURE ON THE LOESS PLATEAU OF CHINA TOWARD GREEN DEVELOPMENT

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第8卷第4期页码 491-500 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2021428

摘要：

Loess Plateau of China is a typical dryland agricultural area. Agriculture there has transformed from food shortage toward green development over the past seven decades, and has achieved world-renowned achievements. During 1950–1980, the population increased from 42 to 77 million, increasing grain production to meet food demand of rapid population growth was the greatest challenge. Engineering measures such as terracing and check-dam were the crucial strategies to increase crop production. From 1981 to 2000, most of agronomic measures played a key role in increasing crops yield, and a series of policy support has benefited millions of smallholders. As expected, these measures and policies greatly increased crop production and basically achieved food security; but, low per capita GDP (only about 620 USD in 2000) was still a big challenge. During 2001–2015, the increase in agricultural and non-agricultural income together supported the increase in farmer income to 5781 USD·yr^–1. Intensive agriculture that relies heavily on chemicals increased crop productivity by 56%. Steadfast policy support such as “Grain for Green Program” had an overwhelming advantage in protecting the natural ecological environment. In the new era, the integration of science and technology innovations, policy support and positive societal factors will be the golden key to further improve food production, protect environment, and increase smallholder income.

关键词： agronomic technologies economic returns education environmental cost food production government policy

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Stability analysis of a high loess slope reinforced by the combination system of soil nails and stabilization

Jiu-jiang WU,Qian-gong CHENG,Xin LIANG,Jian-Lei CAO

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第3期页码 252-259 doi: 10.1007/s11709-014-0260-z

摘要： While the soil nails and the corresponding compound technology are widely used as the support techniques for deep foundation pit and normal slopes, few related engineering cases are found for high loess slopes. By utilizing the finite element software of PLAXIS 8.5, the behavior of a high loess slope reinforced by the combination of soil nails and stabilization piles (hereinafter for CSNSP) is studied in this paper. It can be found that the potential slide surface of the slope moves to deeper locations during the process of the multi-staged excavations. The measure of reducing the weight of the top of the slope is a positive factor to the stability of the loess slope, while the rainfall is a negative factor. The slope can’t be stable if it’s reinforced only by stabilization piles or soil nails during the process of the multi-staged excavations. The soil nail contributes greater to the overall system stability when the excavation depth is relatively shallow, while the stabilization pile takes it over when the excavation depth reaches a large value. Compared to the results from the Sweden circular slip surface, the data derived from the method of phi/c reduction is relatively large when the slope is unreinforced or reinforced only by stabilization pile, and the data turns to be small when the slope is strengthened by soil nails or the combination system of soil nails and stabilization piles.

关键词： high loess slope CSNSP PLAXIS phi/c strength reduction method Sweden circular slip surface

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黄土高原典型流域淤地坝系泥沙拦截动态模拟 Article

孙彭成, 吴一平

《工程（英文）》 2023年第27卷第8期页码 209-221 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.12.015

摘要：

淤地坝建设是黄土高原地区最具成效的水土保持措施之一，在全球水土流失严重地区也得到广泛应用。淤地坝拦沙的定量模拟是其效益评估的关键所在，也是区域淤地坝规划建设的重要基础。为此，本研究基于流域分布式水沙过程模拟，提出了流域淤地坝系拦沙量动态模拟框架，SWAT-DCDam (soil and water assessment tool-dynamic check dam)。在SWAT-DCDam框架中，DCDam模块生成全流域淤地坝的动态级联结构，以SWAT模型径流和输沙模拟驱动DCDam模块，给出各淤地坝拦沙动态。本研究以黄土高原中部延河流域为典型研究区，在分析流域淤地坝建设演变特征的基础上，模拟近60年（1957—2016）流域淤地坝拦沙动态演变过程，采用累积淤积量野外调查数据评估了模型表现，并定量分析了坝系拦沙对流域减沙的贡献。结果表明，流域淤地坝结构特征发生趋势性变化，大型和中型淤地坝的坝体高度分别增加37.14%和9.22%，同时，大型和中型淤地坝的控制面积分别减少46.03%和10.56%。模型评估结果表明，SWAT-DCDam表现良好，对淤地坝累积淤积量高估11.5%，在延河流域，淤地坝拦沙贡献流域总减沙量的15%。本研究成果可为区域水土流失综合治理和淤地坝规划建设提供方法与技术支持。

关键词：淤地坝淤地坝动态库容黄土高原淤地坝拦沙动态 SWAT模型

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Effects of alfalfa coverage on runoff, erosion and hydraulic characteristics of overland flow on loess

Shufang WU, Pute WU, Hao FENG, G. P. Merkley

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第1期页码 76-83 doi: 10.1007/s11783-011-0282-x

摘要： An evaluation of the interactions between vegetation, overland and soil erosion can provide valuable insight for the conservation of soil and water. An experiment was conducted to study water infiltration, runoff generation process, rate of sediment erosion, and hydrodynamic characteristics of overland flow from a sloping hillside with different draw-off discharges from alfalfa and control plots with 20° slope. The effect of alfalfa on runoff and sediment transport reduction was quantitatively analyzed. Alfalfa was discussed for its ability to reduce the overland flow scouring force or change the runoff movement. Compared to the bare-soil plots, alfalfa plots generated a 1.77 times increase in infiltration rate. Furthermore, the down-slope water infiltration rate for the bare soil plots was higher than in the up-slope, while the opposite was found in the alfalfa plots. In addition, alfalfa had a significant effect on runoff and sediment yield. In comparison to the control, the runoff coefficient and sediment transportation rate decreased by 28.3% and 78.4% in the grass slope, respectively. The runoff generated from the alfalfa and bare-soil plots had similar trends with an initial increase and subsequent leveling to a steady-state rate. The transport of sediment reduced with time as a consequence of the depletion of loose surface materials. The maximum sediment concentration was recorded within the first few minutes of each event. The alfalfa plots had subcritical flow while the bare-soil plots had supercritical flow, which indicate that the capability of the alfalfa slope for resisting soil erosion and sediment movement was greater than for bare soil plots. Moreover, the flow resistance coefficient and roughness coefficient for the alfalfa plots were both higher than for the bare-soil plots, which indicate that overland flow in alfalfa plots had retarded and was blocked, and the flow energy along the runoff path had gradually dissipated. Finally, the ability to erode and transport sediment had decreased.

关键词： alfalfa soil erosion runoff and sedimentation soil water infiltration overland flow hydrodynamic characteristics

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高速铁路大断面黄土隧道建设关键技术 Article

赵勇, 何华武, 李鹏飞

《工程（英文）》 2018年第4卷第2期页码 254-259 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2017.07.003

摘要：

郑州—西安高速铁路工程的顺利建成极大地提升了中国大断面黄土隧道的建设水平，在设计理论和施工技术两方面都取得了重大进展。本文系统总结了中国高速铁路大断面黄土隧道工程的技术特征与主要难题，包括围岩分级、支护结构设计、地表沉降与开裂控制，以及安全快速施工问题。在此基础上针对各技术难题从设计与施工两个方面阐述了高速铁路大断面黄土隧道建设关键技术。研究结果表明：大断面黄土隧道围岩分级应以黄土的地质年代为基础，结合塑性指数和含水量两个指标，并考虑埋深影响进行修正；在隧道开挖扰动影响下，洞周滑动趋势面的地表部分因拉应力超过土体抗拉或抗剪强度而破坏，因其直立性较好而形成可见裂缝；大断面黄土隧道围岩压力计算应根据埋深情况分别采用相应的公式进行计算；采用以三台阶七步开挖法为核心的施工技术体系实现了大断面黄土隧道的安全、快速施工，并根据现场试验优化了施工参数，提出了稳定掌子面的工程措施。研究结论和方法对揭示大断面黄土隧道地层及支护力学特性，优化支护结构设计和施工技术参数具有重要意义。

关键词：黄土隧道围岩分级地表开裂设计荷载三台阶七步开挖法

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大断面黄土隧道台阶法双层支护技术

李国良,宋冶,李雷,王新东,李波

《中国工程科学》 2014年第16卷第8期页码 54-63

摘要：

依托郑西高铁高桥隧道小角度下穿既有南同蒲铁路施工实践，通过试验研究取得大断面黄土隧道台阶法双层支护体系的力学特性及施工技术关键，在砂质新黄土条件下成功解决埋深仅11 m的下穿运营铁路的超大断面（171 m²）隧道施工，对类似工程的设计与施工具有重要参考价值。

关键词：大断面黄土隧道台阶法双层支护下穿

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利用水碳耦合管理实现黄土高原植被恢复的可持续发展 Article

赵富波, 吴一平, 阴晓伟, Georgii Alexandrov, 邱临静

《工程（英文）》 2022年第15卷第8期页码 143-153 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.12.017

摘要：

黄土高原“退耕还林（草）”（Grain-for-Green）是世界上规模最大的植被恢复工程。植被恢复引起的土地利用变化（land use change）会改变区域的水碳循环过程，从而影响生态环境稳定和可持续发展。明确植被恢复的水碳效应是当前黄土高原生态水文研究的一个重要科学问题。本研究以黄土高原泾河流域为例，量化了植被恢复引起的水碳效应，并以“减沙、保水、固碳”为原则确定了流域尺度上退耕还林（草）的适宜区域。为此，本研究利用水文-生物地球化学循环耦合模型（SWAT-DayCent），通过设计多种基于植被恢复政策的土地利用转换情景，模拟了水碳循环关键要素的变化。结果表明，与基准情景（2000 年土地利用）相比，当以森林或草地代替坡耕地时，产沙量和产水量都大幅下降。当用森林植被替代坡耕地（坡度大于25°、15°和6°）（CTF）时，会增加土壤的固碳量且对土壤水分产生轻微影响（＜1.0%）；而当用草地替换坡耕地（CTG）时，会导致净初级生产力的下降和土壤含水量大幅增加（3.8%⁓14.9%）。与基准情景相比，土壤有机碳（SOC）在CTF情景下增加0.9%⁓3.2%，而在CTG情景下保持相对稳定。通过分析土地利用变化与水碳效应的关系，进一步确定了实施CTF和CTG的适宜区域，并能实现“减沙、保水、固碳”的效益最大化。本研究基于水碳耦合模拟提供了一个植被恢复工程实施的新视角，即在恰当区域进行退耕还林（草）可实现水碳耦合效益最大化，这可为区域未来生态恢复工程的优化提供科学支撑。

关键词：碳土地利用变化黄土高原泥沙水文-生物地球化学循环耦合模型水资源

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黄土高原生态重建的水沙效应研究 Article

孙彭成, 吴一平, 杨志峰, Bellie Sivakumar, 邱临静, 刘曙光, 蔡宴朋

《工程（英文）》 2019年第5卷第5期页码 855-864 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2019.07.014

摘要：

黄土高原是全球土壤侵蚀最为严重的区域之一，也是黄河泥沙的主要来源。自20世纪50年代大规模水土保持措施实施以来，该地区入黄泥沙量持续减少,流域内泥沙来源与输移机制变得更为复杂，对水土保持措施作用下的河流输沙及变异特征的研究一直是学界关注的重点。本文以水土保持治理成效最为显著的黄土丘陵沟壑区的典型区域为研究对象，采用近50年的水沙观测数据，分析水土保持作用下流域水沙关系演变。结果表明，水土保持措施的实施引发流域水沙关系的显著变化，具体表现为幂指数水沙关系中系数的减小和指数的增加，且前阶段指数增加缓慢而后期增加剧烈。幂指数的增加表征新的更加陡峭的水沙关系曲线，意味着流域年际输沙变异程度或将增强。此外，新旧水沙关系曲线存在一个临界交点，在新的水沙关系条件下，低于临界流量的径流将输移更少的泥沙，这也是该地区泥沙输移新的主导状态；然而，大于临界流量的极端径流也有可能引发更强的泥沙输移。因此，本文认为黄土高原的低泥沙输移未必是一种新常态，极端洪水条件下仍有强输沙的可能性而需增强防范。

关键词：流域水沙关系生态恢复黄土丘陵沟壑区泥沙输移水沙关系参数

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A new method of studying collapsibility of loess

Yuanqing ZHU , Zhenghan CHEN ,

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第3期页码 305-311 doi: 10.1007/s11709-009-0040-3

摘要： A new triaxial testing system that could control suction in wetting-induced collapsible tests was successfully developed to study the suction effects on wetting-induced collapsible deformation. The pedestal of the triaxial cell was made up of two parts, and the equipment not only could control suction but also could make water accessible to soil. A pressure/volume-controlled equipment was combined with the triaxial system to measure the water volume absorbed by samples accurately and to add pressure on water to filtrate into the sample. The apparatus could measure volume change precisely and keep the deviator stress unvaried, as well as measure the volume of water filtrating into the samples exactly. A triaxial collapsible testing procedure was described using the new apparatus for undisturbed collapsible loess with controlled suction. Furthermore, a series of double triaxial collapsible tests were conducted under different suctions and the same net cell pressure, and tests under different net cell pressures and the same suction were also done. It was indicated that the collapsible deformation increased with the increasing suction, and the effect of the net cell pressure on collapsible deformation was remarkable. The new triaxial apparatus was a useful facility to study the collapsible behavior of loess.

关键词： triaxial apparatus for collapsible soils controlled suction pressure/volume controlled equipment double triaxial collapsible test single triaxial collapsible test

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Experimental study of two saturated natural soils and their saturated remoulded soils under three consolidated undrained stress paths

Mingjing JIANG, Haijun HU, Jianbing PENG, Serge LEROUEIL

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第2期页码 225-238 doi: 10.1007/s11709-011-0108-8

摘要： In this paper, an experimental investigation is conducted to study the mechanical behavior of saturated natural loess, saturated natural filling in ground fissure and their corresponding saturated remoulded soils under three consolidated undrained triaxial stress tests, namely, conventional triaxial compression test (CTC), triaxial compression test (TC) and reduced triaxial compression test (RTC). The test results show that stress-strain relation, i.e. strain-softening or strain-hardening, is remarkably influenced by the structure, void ratio, stress path and confining pressure. Natural structure, high void ratio, TC stress path, RTC stress path and low confining pressures are favorable factors leading to strain-softening. Excess pore pressure during shearing is significantly affected by stress path. The tested soils are different from loose sand on character of strain-softening and are different from common clay on excess pore water pressure behavior. The critical states in ′– space in CTC, TC and RTC tests almost lie on one line, which indicates that the critical state is independent of the above stress paths. As for remoulded loess or remoulded filling, the critical state line (CSL) and isotropic consolidation line (ICL) in -log ′ space are almost straight, while for natural loess or natural filling, in -log ′ space there is a turning point on the CSL, which is similar to the ICL.

关键词： stress paths static liquefaction natural soil remoulded soil loess structure total strength indices excess pore pressure

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浅埋大跨黄土隧道管棚受力机制分析

李健,谭忠盛,喻渝,倪鲁肃

《中国工程科学》 2011年第13卷第9期页码 92-96

摘要：

以郑西客运专线阌乡隧道为依托工程，进行浅埋大跨黄土隧道长大管棚受力机制的研究。对隧道进入下穿高速公路前的管棚纵向变形进行现场监测，根据测试结果分析管棚在隧道开挖过程中的受力特性，得到浅埋黄土隧道长大管棚受力变形规律：掌子面前方约15 m处管棚开始受力，掌子面过后约15 m管棚的受力趋于稳定，管棚的纵向变形总体上呈凹槽形分布，掌子面处管棚受力最大。通过有限差分程序FLAC3D计算不同管棚参数条件下的施工方案，为隧道下穿段管棚工法及施工方案的优化设计提供理论依据，并在下穿段沉降监测中得到验证。

关键词：浅埋暗挖下穿施工黄土隧道管棚变形监测受力机制