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Integrated communication and localization in millimeter-wave systems

Jie Yang, Jing Xu, Xiao Li, Shi Jin, Bo Gao,yangjie@seu.edu.cn,shadowaccountxj@foxmail.com,li_xiao@seu.edu.cn,jinshi@seu.edu.cn,gao.bo1@zte.com.cn

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2021, Volume 22, Issue 4,   Pages 457-470 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2000505

Abstract: As the fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication system is being commercialized, extensive studies on the evolution of 5G and sixth-generation (6G) mobile communication systems have been conducted. Future mobile communication systems are evidently evolving toward a more intelligent and software-reconfigurable functionality paradigm that can provide ubiquitous communication, as well as sense, control, and optimize wireless environments. Thus, integrating communication and localization using the highly directional transmission characteristics of millimeter waves (mmWaves) is a promising route. This approach not only expands the localization capabilities of a communication system but also provides new concepts and opportunities to enhance communication. In this paper, we explain the in mmWave systems, in which these processes share the same set of hardware architecture and algorithms. We also provide an overview of the key enabling technologies and the basic knowledge on localization. Then, we provide two promising directions for studies on localization with an and model-based (or model-driven) . We also discuss a comprehensive guidance for location-assisted mmWave communications in terms of channel estimation, channel state information feedback, beam tracking, synchronization, interference control, resource allocation, and user selection. Finally, we outline the future trends on the mutual assistance and enhancement of communication and localization in integrated systems.

Keywords： 毫米波；通信定位一体化；位置辅助通信；超大规模天线阵列；可重构智能表面；人工智能；神经网络    

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Extreme-scale parallel computing: bottlenecks and strategies None

Ze-yao MO

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2018, Volume 19, Issue 10,   Pages 1251-1260 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1800421

Abstract:

Extreme-scale numerical simulations seriously demand extreme parallel computing capabilities. To address the challenges of these capabilities toward exascale, we systematically analyze the major bottlenecks of parallel computing research from three perspectives: computational scale, computing efficiency, and programming productivity. For these bottlenecks, we propose a series of urgent key issues and coping strategies. This study will be useful in synchronizing development between the numerical computing capability and supercomputer peak performance.

Keywords： Extreme scale     Numerical simulation     Parallel computing     Supercomputers    

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Beam squint effect on high-throughput millimeter-wave communication with an ultra-massive phased array

Zhiqiang Wang, Jiawei Liu, Jun Wang, Guangrong Yue,wangzq@std.uestc.edu.cn,842927584@qq.com,junwang@uestc.edu.cn,yuegr@uestc.edu.cn

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2021, Volume 22, Issue 4,   Pages 560-570 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2000451

Abstract: An can be deployed in high-throughput communication systems to increase the transmission distance. However, when the signal bandwidth is large, the antenna array response changes with the frequency, causing . In this paper, we investigate the effect on a high-throughput mmWave communication system with the single-carrier frequency-domain equalization transmission scheme. Specifically, we first view analog beamforming and the physical channel as a spatial equivalent channel. The characteristics of the spatial equivalent channel are analyzed which behaves like frequency-selective fading. To eliminate the deep fading points in the spatial equivalent channel, an advanced analog beamforming method is proposed based on the (ZC) sequence. Then, the low-complexity linear zero-forcing and minimum mean squared error equalizers are considered at the receiver. Simulation results indicate that the proposed ZC-based analog beamforming method can effectively mitigate the performance loss by the .

Keywords： 超大规模相控阵；毫米波；波束倾斜；Zadoff-Chu；单载波频域均衡    

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State-of-the-Art High Purity Water

Wen Ruimei

Strategic Study of CAE 2000, Volume 2, Issue 1,   Pages 68-72

Abstract:

In this paper, the relationship between the ultra large scale integrated circuits (ULSI) and high purity water and the demands for water quality are described.Several key new techniques of high purity water fabrication are studied. A method for improving the quality of high purity water is proposed, which can effectively decrease the concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC), bacteria and bacterial endotoxins and dissolved oxygen.The contamination of high purity water caused by various pipe materials is described.Some data and examples of author´s experiments are also included.

Keywords： High purity water     Ultra large scale integrated circuits     Total organic carbon     Bacteria and Bacterial endotoxins     Dissolved oxygen    

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The construction and key techniques of the Fourth Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge

Wu Huanling

Strategic Study of CAE 2013, Volume 15, Issue 8,   Pages 4-11

Abstract:

The Fourth Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge is the first suspension bridge of three-span steel box girder using continuity and flexible bearing system with a main span of 1418 m, and makes use of the flexible bearing system and distributional force transmission system with main rope for the first time. It overcomes the deep foundation design and construction technical problems of oversized "∞" shape diaphragm wall and ultra-large well-sinking under complicated geological conditions, proposes the technologies of main rope mixed-knit and argon-rich gas shielded arc welding, and uses the pavement technique of compound gussasphalt at steel bridge deck. Additionally, it utilizes synthetical technique to control construction quality of bulk mass concrete. This text summarizes the construction management and key technical innovation.

Keywords： construction management     key technical innovation     complicated geological conditions     oversized “∞” shape diaphragm wall     ultra-large well-sinking    

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5G evolution promoting innovation of antenna systems Correspondences

Feng GAO, Peng GAO, Wen-tao ZHU, Chen-xi ZHANG, Xian-kun MENG, Run-hong SHAN

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2020, Volume 21, Issue 1,   Pages 188-194 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1900561

Abstract: We introduce the basic concept, background, and development of mobile communication systems from the first generation (1G) to the fifth generation (5G) including their antenna systems. We also describe the requirements for 5G networking and optimization of antenna systems, and present the basic principle of three-dimensional array antennas. Weight optimization methods of massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas are proposed and verified. Finally, several ideas are given to solve the problem of power consumption of 5G antenna systems.

Keywords： Fifth generation (5G)     Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array     Power consumption     Weight optimization    

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Indoor massivemultiple-inputmultiple-output channel characterization and performance evaluation Article

Jian-zhi LI, Bo AI, Rui-si HE, Qi WANG, Mi YANG, Bei ZHANG, Ke GUAN, Dan-ping HE, Zhang-dui ZHONG, Ting ZHOU, Nan LI

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2017, Volume 18, Issue 6,   Pages 773-787 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1700021

Abstract: We present a measurement campaign to characterize an indoor massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel system, using a 64-element virtual linear array, a 64-element virtual planar array, and a 128-element virtual planar array. The array topologies are generated using a 3D mechanical turntable. The measurements are conducted at 2, 4, 6, 11, 15, and 22 GHz, with a large bandwidth of 200 MHz. Both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-LOS (NLOS) propagation scenarios are considered. The typical channel parameters are extracted, including path loss, shadow fading, power delay profile, and root mean square (RMS) delay spread. The frequency dependence of these channel parameters is analyzed. The correlation between shadow fading and RMS delay spread is discussed. In addition, the performance of the standard linear precoder—the matched filter, which can be used for intersymbol interference (ISI) mitigation by shortening the RMS delay spread, is investigated. Other performance measures, such as entropy capacity, Demmel condition number, and channel ellipticity, are analyzed. The measured channels, which are in a rich-scattering indoor environment, are found to achieve a performance close to that in independent and identically distributed Rayleigh channels even in an LOS scenario.

Keywords： Massive MIMO     Channel modeling     5G     Shadow fading     Delay spread     Matched filter     Entropy capacity     Condition number     Channel ellipticity    

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Multi-user rate and power analysis in a cognitive radio network with massive multi-input multi-output None

Shang LIU, Ishtiaq AHMAD, Ping ZHANG, Zhi ZHANG

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2018, Volume 19, Issue 5,   Pages 674-684 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1700081

Abstract: This paper discusses transmission performance and power allocation strategies in an underlay cognitive radio (CR) network that contains relay and massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO). The downlink transmission performance of a relay-aided massive MIMO network without CR is derived. By using the power distribution criteria, the kth user’s asymptotic signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) is independent of fast fading. When the ratio between the base station (BS) antennas and the relay antennas becomes large enough, the transmission performance of the whole system is independent of BS-to-relay channel parameters and relates only to the relay-to-users stage. Then cognitive transmission performances of primary users (PUs) and secondary users (SUs) in an underlay CR network with massive MIMO are derived under perfect and imperfect channel state information (CSI), including the end-to-end SINR and achievable sum rate. When the numbers of primary base station (PBS) antennas, secondary base station (SBS) antennas, and relay antennas become infinite, the asymptotic SINR of the PU and SU is independent of fast fading. The interference between the primary network and secondary network can be canceled asymptotically. Transmission performance does not include the interference temperature. The secondary network can use its peak power to transmit signals without causing any interference to the primary network. Interestingly, when the antenna ratio becomes large enough, the asymptotic sum rate equals half of the rate of a single-hop single-antenna K-user system without fast fading. Next, the PUs’ utility function is defined. The optimal relay power is derived to maximize the utility function. The numerical results verify our analysis. The relationships between the transmission rate and the antenna number, relay power, and antenna ratio are simulated. We show that the massive MIMO with linear pre-coding can mitigate asymptotically the interference in a multi-user underlay CR network. The primary and secondary networks can operate independently.

Keywords： Massive multi-input multi-output     Cognitive radio     Relay network     Transmission rate     Power analysis    

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Optimal array factor radiation pattern synthesis for linear antenna array using cat swarm optimization: validation by an electromagnetic simulator Article

Gopi RAM, Durbadal MANDAL, Sakti Prasad GHOSHAL, Rajib KAR

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2017, Volume 18, Issue 4,   Pages 570-577 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1500371

Abstract: In this paper, an optimal design of linear antenna arrays having microstrip patch antenna elements has been carried out. Cat swarm optimization (CSO) has been applied for the optimization of the control parameters of radiation pattern of an antenna array. The optimal radiation patterns of isotropic antenna elements are obtained by optimizing the current excitation weight of each element and the inter-element spacing. The antenna arrays of 12, 16, and 20 elements are taken as examples. The arrays are designed by using MATLAB computation and are validated through Computer Simulation Technology-Microwave Studio (CST-MWS). From the simulation results it is evident that CSO is able to yield the optimal design of linear antenna arrays of patch antenna elements.

Keywords： Patch antenna     Linear antenna array     Cat swarm optimization (CSO)     Side lobe level (SLL)    

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Beamforming techniques for massive MIMO systems in 5G: overview, classification, and trends for future research Review

Ehab ALI, Mahamod ISMAIL, Rosdiadee NORDIN, Nor Fadzilah ABDULAH

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2017, Volume 18, Issue 6,   Pages 753-772 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1601817

Abstract: Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems combined with beamforming antenna array technologies are expected to play a key role in next-generation wireless communication systems (5G), which will be deployed in 2020 and beyond. The main objective of this review paper is to discuss the state-of-the-art research on the most favourable types of beamforming techniques that can be deployed in massive MIMO systems and to clarify the importance of beamforming techniques in massive MIMO systems for eliminating and resolving the many technical hitches that massive MIMO system implementation faces. Classifications of optimal beamforming techniques that are used in wireless communication systems are reviewed in detail to determine which techniques are more suitable for deployment in massive MIMO systems to improve system throughput and reduce intra- and inter-cell interference. To overcome the limitations in the literature, we have suggested an optimal beamforming technique that can provide the highest performance in massive MIMO systems, satisfying the requirements of next-generation wireless communication systems.

Keywords： Beamforming classifications     Massive MIMO     Hybrid beamforming     Millimetre-wave beamforming    

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Joint DOA and channel estimation with data detection based on 2D unitary ESPRITin massive MIMO systems Article

Jing-ming KUANG, Yuan ZHOU, Ze-song FEI

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2017, Volume 18, Issue 6,   Pages 841-849 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1700025

Abstract: We propose a novel method for joint two-dimensional (2D) direction-of-arrival (DOA) and channel estimation with data detection for uniform rectangular arrays (URAs) for the massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. The conventional DOA estimation algorithms usually assume that the channel impulse responses are known exactly. However, the large number of antennas in a massive MIMO system can lead to a challenge in estimating accurate corresponding channel impulse responses. In contrast, a joint DOA and channel estimation scheme is proposed, which first estimates the channel impulse responses for the links between the transmitters and antenna elements using training sequences. After that, the DOAs of the waves are estimated based on a unitary ESPRIT algorithm using previous channel impulse response estimates instead of accurate channel impulse responses and then, the enhanced channel impulse response estimates can be obtained. The proposed estimator enjoys closedform expressions, and thus it bypasses the search and pairing processes. In addition, a low-complexity approach toward data detection is presented by reducing the dimension of the inversion matrix in massive MIMO systems. Different cases for the proposed method are analyzed by changing the number of antennas. Experimental results demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.

Keywords： Two-dimensional (2D) direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation     Channel impulse response estimation     Data detection     Uniform rectangular array (URA)     Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)    

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Filtering antennas: from innovative concepts to industrial applications Review Articles

Yun-fei CAO, Yao ZHANG, Xiu-yin ZHANG

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2020, Volume 21, Issue 1,   Pages 116-127 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1900474

Abstract: A filtering antenna is a device with both filtering and radiating capabilities. It can be used to reduce the cross-band mutual coupling between the closely spaced elements operating at different frequency bands. We review the authors’ work on filtering antenna designs and three related dual-band base-station antenna arrays as application examples. The filtering antenna designs include single- and dual-polarized filtering patch antennas, a single-polarized omni-directional filtering dipole antenna, and a dual-polarized filtering dipole antenna for the base station. The filtering antennas in this paper feature an innovative concept of eliminating extra filtering circuits, unlike other available antennas. For each design, the filtering structure is finely integrated with the radiators or feeding lines. As a result, the proposed designs have the advantages of compact size, simple structure, good in-band radiation performance, and low levels of loss, and do not contain complicated filtering circuits. Based on the proposed filtering antennas, single- and dual-polarized dual-band antenna arrays were developed. Separate antenna elements at different frequency bands were used to achieve the dual-band performance. The cross-band mutual couplings between the elements at different bands were reduced substantially using the antenna inherent filtering performance. The dual-band arrays exhibited better performance as compared to typical industrial products. Some of the proposed technologies have been transferred into the industry.

Keywords： Filtering antenna     Dual-band     Antenna array    

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A Planar 4-Bit Reconfigurable Antenna Array Based on the Design Philosophy of Information Metasurfaces Article

Zheng Xing Wang, Hanqing Yang, Ruiwen Shao, Jun Wei Wu, Guobiao Liu, Feng Zhai, Qiang Cheng, Tie Jun Cui

Engineering 2022, Volume 17, Issue 10,   Pages 64-74 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.03.019

Abstract:

Inspired by the design philosophy of information metasurfaces based on the digital coding concept, a planar 4-bit reconfigurable antenna array with low profile of 0.15 λ0 (where λ0 is the wavelength) is presented. The array is based on a digital coding radiation element consisting of a 1-bit magnetoelectric (ME) dipole and a miniaturized reflection-type phase shifter (RTPS). The proposed 1-bit ME dipole can provide two digital states of “0” and “1” (with 0° and 180° phase responses) over a wide frequency band by individually exciting its two symmetrical feeding ports. The designed RTPS is able to realize a relative phase shift of 173°. By digitally quantizing its phase in the range of 157.5°, additional eight digital states at intervals of 22.5° are obtained. To achieve low sidelobe levels, a 1:16 power divider based on the Taylor line source method is employed to feed the array. A prototype of the proposed 4-bit antenna array has been fabricated and tested, and the experimental results are in good agreement with the simulations. Scanning beams within a ±45° range were measured with a maximum realized gain of 13.4 dBi at 12 GHz. The sidelobe and cross-polarization levels are below –14.3 and –23 dB, respectively. Furthermore, the beam pointing error is within 0.8°, and the 3-dB gain bandwidth of the broadside beam is 25%. Due to its outstanding performance, the array holds potential for significant applications in radar and wireless communication systems.

Keywords： 4-Bit reconfigurable antenna array     Information metasurface     Digital coding method     Low sidelobe     Low profile    

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A high-precision terahertz retrodirective antenna array with navigation signal at a different frequency Correspondence

Zhong-bo ZHU, Wei-dong HU, Tao QIN, Sheng LI, Xiao-jun LI, Jiang-jie ZENG, Xian-qi LIN, Leo P. LIGTHART

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2020, Volume 21, Issue 3,   Pages 377-383 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1900581

Abstract: Future communications will provide higher transmission rates and higher operating frequencies. In addition, agile beam tracking will be an inevitable trend in technology development. The terahertz retrodirective antenna array proposed and discussed in this paper can be a better solution for agile beam tracking. The array receives a 40-GHz navigation signal and accurately retransmits a 120-GHz beam in the direction of the arrival wave. Simulation results indicate that the proposed array with a stacked sandwich structure has realized the tracking of the received wave. The scanning radiation pattern shows that the array gain is 23.87 dB at 19.9° when the incident angle is 20° with a relative error of only 0.5%, meaning that there is a lateral error of only 8.7 m at a transmission distance of 5 km.

Keywords： Terahertz     Retrodirective antenna array     Terahertz communications     Conjugate mixing    

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Analysis and design of novel wideband and high efficiency millimeter-wave antenna arrays for 60-GHz applications Research Articles

Kai-lai WU, Yuan YAO, Xiao-he CHENG, Jun-sheng YU, Tao YU, Xiao-dong CHEN

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2020, Volume 21, Issue 1,   Pages 128-143 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1900461

Abstract: A type of millimeter-wave antenna array with flexible design is proposed for a variety of applications at 60 GHz. The antenna array can be adjusted to be linearly or circularly polarized by simply changing the radiation part of the antenna array. High gain, wideband, and high radiation efficiency characteristics can be achieved by adopting a low insertion loss feeding network and broadband antenna elements. For the linearly polarized antenna array, simulation results show that the impedance bandwidth of the 2×2 antenna subarray reaches 21.6%, while the maximum gain achieves 15.1 dBi and has a fluctuation of less than 0.4 dBi within the working bandwidth. Simulation results of the 8×8 linearly polarized antenna array show a bandwidth of 21.6% and a gain of (26.1±1) dBi with an antenna efficiency of more than 80%. For the 8×8 circularly polarized antenna array, simulation results show that an impedance bandwidth of 18.2% and an axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of 13.3% are obtained. Gain and efficiency of up to 27.6 dBi and 80% are achieved, respectively. A prototype of antenna array is fabricated, and results are compared and analyzed.

Keywords： 60 GHz     Antenna array     Linearly polarized     Circularly polarized     Millimeter-wave    

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Title Author Date Type Operation

Integrated communication and localization in millimeter-wave systems

Jie Yang, Jing Xu, Xiao Li, Shi Jin, Bo Gao,yangjie@seu.edu.cn,shadowaccountxj@foxmail.com,li_xiao@seu.edu.cn,jinshi@seu.edu.cn,gao.bo1@zte.com.cn

Journal Article

Extreme-scale parallel computing: bottlenecks and strategies

Ze-yao MO

Journal Article

Beam squint effect on high-throughput millimeter-wave communication with an ultra-massive phased array

Zhiqiang Wang, Jiawei Liu, Jun Wang, Guangrong Yue,wangzq@std.uestc.edu.cn,842927584@qq.com,junwang@uestc.edu.cn,yuegr@uestc.edu.cn

Journal Article

State-of-the-Art High Purity Water

Wen Ruimei

Journal Article

The construction and key techniques of the Fourth Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge

Wu Huanling

Journal Article

5G evolution promoting innovation of antenna systems

Feng GAO, Peng GAO, Wen-tao ZHU, Chen-xi ZHANG, Xian-kun MENG, Run-hong SHAN

Journal Article

Indoor massivemultiple-inputmultiple-output channel characterization and performance evaluation

Jian-zhi LI, Bo AI, Rui-si HE, Qi WANG, Mi YANG, Bei ZHANG, Ke GUAN, Dan-ping HE, Zhang-dui ZHONG, Ting ZHOU, Nan LI

Journal Article

Multi-user rate and power analysis in a cognitive radio network with massive multi-input multi-output

Shang LIU, Ishtiaq AHMAD, Ping ZHANG, Zhi ZHANG

Journal Article

Optimal array factor radiation pattern synthesis for linear antenna array using cat swarm optimization: validation by an electromagnetic simulator

Gopi RAM, Durbadal MANDAL, Sakti Prasad GHOSHAL, Rajib KAR

Journal Article

Beamforming techniques for massive MIMO systems in 5G: overview, classification, and trends for future research

Ehab ALI, Mahamod ISMAIL, Rosdiadee NORDIN, Nor Fadzilah ABDULAH

Journal Article

Joint DOA and channel estimation with data detection based on 2D unitary ESPRITin massive MIMO systems

Jing-ming KUANG, Yuan ZHOU, Ze-song FEI

Journal Article

Filtering antennas: from innovative concepts to industrial applications

Yun-fei CAO, Yao ZHANG, Xiu-yin ZHANG

Journal Article

A Planar 4-Bit Reconfigurable Antenna Array Based on the Design Philosophy of Information Metasurfaces

Zheng Xing Wang, Hanqing Yang, Ruiwen Shao, Jun Wei Wu, Guobiao Liu, Feng Zhai, Qiang Cheng, Tie Jun Cui

Journal Article

A high-precision terahertz retrodirective antenna array with navigation signal at a different frequency

Zhong-bo ZHU, Wei-dong HU, Tao QIN, Sheng LI, Xiao-jun LI, Jiang-jie ZENG, Xian-qi LIN, Leo P. LIGTHART

Journal Article

Analysis and design of novel wideband and high efficiency millimeter-wave antenna arrays for 60-GHz applications

Kai-lai WU, Yuan YAO, Xiao-he CHENG, Jun-sheng YU, Tao YU, Xiao-dong CHEN

Journal Article