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Low powered blockchain consensus protocols based on consistent hash Research Article

Lei Yu, Xiao-fang Zhao, Yan Jin, Heng-yi Cai, Bo Wei, Bin Hu,yulei@ncic.ac.cn

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2019, Volume 20, Issue 10,   Pages 1361-1377 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1800119

Abstract: Current s have a triangle of contradictions in aspects of decentralization, security, and energy con-sumption, and cannot be synchronously optimized. We describe a design of two new s, called “CHB-consensus” and “CHBD-consensus,” based on a algorithm. Honest miners can fairly gain the opportunity to create blocks. They do not consume any extra computational power resources when creating new blocks, and such blocks can obtain the whole network to confirm consensus with fairness. However, malicious miners have to pay massive computational power resources for attacking the new block creation privilege or double-spending. networks formed by CHB-consensus and CHBD-consensus are based on the same security assumption as that in Bitcoin systems, so they save a huge amount of power without sacrificing decentralization or security. We analyze possible attacks and give a rigorous but adjustable validation strategy. CHB-consensus and CHBD-consensus introduce a certification authority (CA) system, which does not have special management or control rights over networks or data structures, but carries the risk of privacy breaches depending on credibility and reliability of the CA system. Here, we analyze the robustness and energy consumption of CHB-consensus and CHBD-consensus, and demonstrate their advantages through theoretical derivation.

Keywords: 区块链;共识协议;一致性哈希;低能耗;去中心化    

Areliable power management scheme for consistent hashing based distributed key value storage systems Article

Nan-nan ZHAO,Ji-guang WAN,Jun WANG,Chang-sheng XIE

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2016, Volume 17, Issue 10,   Pages 994-1007 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1601162

Abstract: Distributed key value storage systems are among the most important types of distributed storage systems currently deployed in data centers. Nowadays, enterprise data centers are facing growing pressure in reducing their power consumption. In this paper, we propose GreenCHT, a reliable power management scheme for consistent hashing based distributed key value storage systems. It consists of a multi-tier replication scheme, a reliable distributed log store, and a predictive power mode scheduler (PMS). Instead of randomly placing replicas of each object on a number of nodes in the consistent hash ring, we arrange the replicas of objects on nonoverlapping tiers of nodes in the ring. This allows the system to fall in various power modes by powering down subsets of servers while not violating data availability. The predictive PMS predicts workloads and adapts to load fluctuation. It cooperates with the multi-tier replication strategy to provide power proportionality for the system. To ensure that the reliability of the system is maintained when replicas are powered down, we distribute the writes to standby replicas to active servers, which ensures failure tolerance of the system. GreenCHT is implemented based on Sheepdog, a distributed key value storage system that uses consistent hashing as an underlying distributed hash table. By replaying 12 typical real workload traces collected from Microsoft, the evaluation results show that GreenCHT can provide significant power savings while maintaining a desired performance. We observe that GreenCHT can reduce power consumption by up to 35%–61%.

Keywords: Consistent hash table (CHT)     Replication     Power management     Key value storage system     Reliability    

Impact of distance between two hubs on the network coherence of tree networks

李达权,孙伟刚,胡鸿翔

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2023, Volume 24, Issue 9,   Pages 1349-1356 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2200400

Abstract: We study the impact of the distance between two hubs on network coherence defined by Laplacian eigenvalues. Network coherence is a measure of the extent of consensus in a linear system with additive noise. To obtain an exact determination of coherence based on the distance, we choose a family of tree networks with two hubs controlled by two parameters. Using the tree’s regular structure, we obtain analytical expressions of the coherences with regard to network parameters and the network size. We then demonstrate that a shorter distance and a larger difference in the degrees of the two hubs lead to a higher coherence. With the same network size and distance, the best coherence occurs in the tree with the largest difference in the hub’s degrees. Finally, we establish a correlation between network coherence and average path length and find that they behave linearly.

Keywords: Consensus     Coherence     Distance     Average path length    

Designing a novel consensus protocol formultiagent systemswith general dynamics under directed networks Article

Hao-liang LI, Ren-nong YANG, Qiu-ni LI

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2017, Volume 18, Issue 8,   Pages 1071-1081 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1601422

Abstract: The consensus problem for general linear multi-agent systems (MASs) under directed topology is investigated. First, a novel consensus protocol based on proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control is proposed. Second, the consensus problem is converted into an asymptotic stability problem through transformations. Third, through a state projection method the consensus condition is proved and the explicit expression of the consensus function is given. Then, a Lyapunov function is constructed and the gain matrices of the protocol are given based on the linear matrix inequality. Finally, two experiments are conducted to explain the advantages of the method. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Keywords: Multi-agent     Consensus     PID control     Linear matrix inequality    

Coherence analysis and Laplacian energy of recursive trees with controlled initial states Research Articles

Mei-du Hong, Wei-gang Sun, Su-yu Liu, Teng-fei Xuan,wgsun@hdu.edu.cn

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2020, Volume 21, Issue 6,   Pages 809-962 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1900133

Abstract: We study the of a family of recursive trees with novel features that include the initial states controlled by a parameter. The problem in a linear system with additive noises is characterized as , which is defined by a Laplacian spectrum. Based on the structures of our recursive treelike model, we obtain the recursive relationships for Laplacian eigenvalues in two successive steps and further derive the exact solutions of first- and second-order coherences, which are calculated by the sum and square sum of the reciprocal of all nonzero Laplacian eigenvalues. For a large network size , the scalings of the first- and second-order coherences are ln and $, respectively. The smaller the number of initial nodes, the better the bears. Finally, we numerically investigate the relationship between and , showing that the first- and second-order coherences increase with the increase of at approximately exponential and linear rates, respectively.

Keywords: 一致性;网络一致性;拉普拉斯能量    

Decentralized multi-agent reinforcement learning with networked agents: recent advances Review Article

Kaiqing Zhang, Zhuoran Yang, Tamer Başar,kzhang66@illinois.edu,zy6@princeton.edu,basar1@illinois.edu

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2021, Volume 22, Issue 6,   Pages 802-814 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1900661

Abstract: Multi-agent (MARL) has long been a significant research topic in both machine learning and control systems. Recent development of (single-agent) deep has created a resurgence of interest in developing new MARL algorithms, especially those founded on theoretical analysis. In this paper, we review recent advances on a sub-area of this topic: decentralized MARL with networked agents. In this scenario, multiple agents perform sequential decision-making in a common environment, and without the coordination of any central controller, while being allowed to exchange information with their neighbors over a communication network. Such a setting finds broad applications in the control and operation of robots, unmanned vehicles, mobile sensor networks, and the smart grid. This review covers several of our research endeavors in this direction, as well as progress made by other researchers along the line. We hope that this review promotes additional research efforts in this exciting yet challenging area.

Keywords: 强化学习;多智能体系统;网络系统;一致性优化;分布式优化;博弈论    

Consensus-based three-dimensionalmulti-UAV formation control strategy with high precision Article

Mao-de YAN, Xu ZHU, Xun-xun ZHANG, Yao-hong QU

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2017, Volume 18, Issue 7,   Pages 968-977 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1600004

Abstract: We propose a formation control strategy for multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (multi-UAV) based on second-order consensus, by introducing position and velocity coordination variables through neighbor-to-neighbor interaction to generate steering commands. A cooperative guidance algorithm and a cooperative control algorithm are proposed together to maintain a specified geometric configuration, managing the position and attitude respectively. With the whole system composed of the six-degree-of-freedom UAV model, the cooperative guidance algorithm, and the cooperative control algorithm, the formation control strategy is a closed-loop one and with full states. The cooperative guidance law is a second-order consensus algorithm, providing the desired acceleration, pitch rate, and heading rate. Longitudinal and lateral motions are jointly considered, and the cooperative control law is designed by deducing state equations. Closed-loop stability of the formation is analyzed, and a necessary and sufficient condition is provided. Measurement errors in position data are suppressed by synchronization technology to improve the control precision. In the simulation, three-dimensional formation flight demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of the formation control strategy.

Keywords: Multiple unmanned aerial vehicles     Consensus     Cooperative guidance     Cooperative control     Synchronization technology    

Bipartite asynchronous impulsive tracking consensus for multi-agent systems Research Article

Lingzhong ZHANG, Yuanyuan LI, Jungang LOU, Jianquan LU

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2022, Volume 23, Issue 10,   Pages 1522-1532 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2100122

Abstract:

In this study, we discuss how (MASs) with a leader can achieve distributed using control strategies. The proposed control approach does not require the impulse to occur simultaneously for all agents. The communication links between neighboring nodes of MASs are antagonistic. When the leader’s control input is non-zero, sufficient conditions are obtained to achieve bipartite tracking in closed-loop MASs. More extensive ranges of effects are discussed, and the designed controller’s feedback can effectively work against adverse impulsive permutation. Simple algebraic conditions for estimating the impulsive gain boundary and interval are presented. Theoretical results are demonstrated with illustrative examples.

Keywords: Bipartite tracking     Multi-agent systems     Asynchronous impulsive     Consensus    

Dr.Hadoop: an infinite scalable metadata management for Hadoop—Howthe baby elephant becomes immortal

Dipayan DEV,Ripon PATGIRI

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2016, Volume 17, Issue 1,   Pages 15-31 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1500015

Abstract:

In this Exa byte scale era, data increases at an exponential rate. This is in turn generating a massive amount of metadata in the file system. Hadoop is the most widely used framework to deal with big data. Due to this growth of huge amount of metadata, however, the efficiency of Hadoop is questioned numerous times by many researchers. Therefore, it is essential to create an efficient and scalable metadata management for Hadoop. Hash-based mapping and subtree partitioning are suitable in distributed metadata management schemes. Subtree partitioning does not uniformly distribute workload among the metadata servers, and metadata needs to be migrated to keep the load roughly balanced. Hash-based mapping suffers from a constraint on the locality of metadata, though it uniformly distributes the load among NameNodes, which are the metadata servers of Hadoop. In this paper, we present a circular metadata management mechanism named dynamic circular metadata splitting (DCMS). DCMS preserves metadata locality using consistent hashing and locality-preserving hashing, keeps replicated metadata for excellent reliability, and dynamically distributes metadata among the NameNodes to keep load balancing. NameNode is a centralized heart of the Hadoop. Keeping the directory tree of all files, failure of which causes the single point of failure (SPOF). DCMS removes Hadoop’s SPOF and provides an efficient and scalable metadata management. The new framework is named ‘Dr. Hadoop’ after the name of the authors.

Keywords: Hadoop     NameNode     Metadata     Locality-preserving hashing     Consistent hashing    

Consensus of multi-agent systems with dynamic join characteristics under impulsive control Research Articles

Xiang Hu, Zufan Zhang, Chuandong Li,huyangyu0203@163.com,zhangzf@cqupt.edu.cn,cdli@swu.edu.cn

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2021, Volume 22, Issue 1,   Pages 1-140 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2000062

Abstract: We study how to achieve the of a whole after adding some new agent groups dynamically in the original . We analyze the feasibility of dynamically adding agent groups under different forms of network topologies that are currently common, and obtain four feasible schemes in theory, including one scheme that is the best in actual industrial production. Then, we carry out dynamic modeling of s for the best scheme. Impulsive control theory and Lyapunov stability theory are used to analyze the conditions so that the whole with can achieve . Finally, we provide a numerical example to verify the practicality and validity of the theory

Keywords: Multi-agent system     Network topology     Impulsive input     Dynamic join characteristics     State consensus    

Blockchain for Transparent Data Management Toward 6G Article

Xuemin (Sherman) Shen, Dongxiao Liu, Cheng Huang, Liang Xue, Han Yin, Weihua Zhuang, Rob Sun, Bidi Ying

Engineering 2022, Volume 8, Issue 1,   Pages 74-85 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.10.002

Abstract:

The wealth of user data acts as a fuel for network intelligence toward the sixth generation wireless networks (6G). Due to data heterogeneity and dynamics, decentralized data management (DM) is desirable for achieving transparent data operations across network domains, and blockchain can be a promising solution. However, the increasing data volume and stringent data privacy-preservation requirements in 6G bring significantly technical challenge to balance transparency, efficiency, and privacy requirements in decentralized blockchain-based DM. In this paper, we propose blockchain solutions to address the challenge. First, we explore the consensus protocols and scalability mechanisms in blockchains and discuss the roles of DM stakeholders in blockchain architectures. Second, we investigate the authentication and authorization requirements for DM stakeholders. Third, we categorize DM privacy requirements and study blockchain-based mechanisms for collaborative data processing. Subsequently, we present research issues and potential solutions for blockchain-based DM toward 6G from these three perspectives. Finally, we conclude this paper and discuss future research directions.

Keywords: Blockchain     Data management     Decentralization     Transparency     Privacy    

Finite-time leader-follower consensus of a discrete-time system via sliding mode control Research Article

Ruizhuo SONG, Shi XING, Zhen XU

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2022, Volume 23, Issue 7,   Pages 1057-1068 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2100565

Abstract: In this study, we solve the problem of discrete-time second-order (MASs) under the constraints of external disturbances. First, a novel consensus scheme is designed using a novel theory. Our adaptive controller is designed using the traditional sliding mode reaching law, and its advantages are chatter reduction and invariance to disturbances. In addition, the stability is demonstrated by presenting a discrete Lyapunov function. Finally, simulation results are presented to prove the validity of our theoretical results.

Keywords: Finite-time     Leader-follower consensus     Adaptive sliding mode control     Multi-agent systems    

Autonomous fault-diagnosis and decision-making algorithm for determining faulty nodes in distributed wireless networks Article

Adel KHOSRAVI,Yousef SEIFI KAVIAN

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2016, Volume 17, Issue 9,   Pages 885-896 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1500176

Abstract: In this paper, we address fault-diagnosis agreement (FDA) problems in distributed wireless networks (DWNs) with arbitrary fallible nodes and healthy access points. We propose a new algorithm to reach an agreement among fault-free members about the faulty ones. The algorithm is designed for fully connected DWN and can also be easily adapted to partially connected networks. Our contribution is to reduce the bit complexity of the Byzantine agreement process by detecting the same list of faulty units in all fault-free members. Therefore, the malicious units can be removed from other consensus processes. Also, each healthy unit detects a local list of malicious units, which results in lower packet transmissions in the network. Our proposed algorithm solves FDA problems in 2t+1 rounds of packet transmissions, and the bit complexity in each wireless node is O(nt+1).

Keywords: Fault diagnosis     Decision making     Byzantine agreement     Distributed wireless networks     Consensus    

Optimal synchronization control for multi-agent systems with input saturation: a nonzero-sum game Research Article

Hongyang LI, Qinglai WEI

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2022, Volume 23, Issue 7,   Pages 1010-1019 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2200010

Abstract: This paper presents a novel method for with . The multi-agent game theory is introduced to transform the problem into a multi-agent . Then, the Nash equilibrium can be achieved by solving the coupled Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equations with nonquadratic input energy terms. A novel method is presented to obtain the Nash equilibrium solution without the system models, and the critic neural networks (NNs) and actor NNs are introduced to implement the presented method. Theoretical analysis is provided, which shows that the iterative control laws converge to the Nash equilibrium. Simulation results show the good performance of the presented method.

Keywords: Optimal synchronization control     Multi-agent systems     Nonzero-sum game     Adaptive dynamic programming     Input saturation     Off-policy reinforcement learning     Policy iteration    

Robust distributed model predictive consensus of discrete-time multi-agent systems: a self-triggered approach Research Articles

Jiaqi Li, Qingling Wang, Yanxu Su, Changyin Sun,jiaqil2018@seu.edu.cn,qlwang@seu.edu.cn,yanxu.su@seu.edu.cn,cysun@seu.edu.cn

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2021, Volume 22, Issue 8,   Pages 1068-1079 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2000182

Abstract: This study investigates the problem of a nonlinear discrete-time multi-agent system (MAS) under bounded additive disturbances. We propose a self-triggered robust algorithm. A new cost function is constructed and MAS is coupled through this function. Based on the proposed cost function, a self-triggered mechanism is adopted to reduce the communication load. Furthermore, to overcome additive disturbances, a local minimum– maximum optimization problem under the worst-case scenario is solved iteratively by the model predictive controller of each agent. Sufficient conditions are provided to guarantee the iterative feasibility of the algorithm and the of the closed-loop MAS. For each agent, we provide a concrete form of compatibility constraint and a error terminal region. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed algorithm.

Keywords: 一致性;自触发控制;分布式模型预测控制    

Title Author Date Type Operation

Low powered blockchain consensus protocols based on consistent hash

Lei Yu, Xiao-fang Zhao, Yan Jin, Heng-yi Cai, Bo Wei, Bin Hu,yulei@ncic.ac.cn

Journal Article

Areliable power management scheme for consistent hashing based distributed key value storage systems

Nan-nan ZHAO,Ji-guang WAN,Jun WANG,Chang-sheng XIE

Journal Article

Impact of distance between two hubs on the network coherence of tree networks

李达权,孙伟刚,胡鸿翔

Journal Article

Designing a novel consensus protocol formultiagent systemswith general dynamics under directed networks

Hao-liang LI, Ren-nong YANG, Qiu-ni LI

Journal Article

Coherence analysis and Laplacian energy of recursive trees with controlled initial states

Mei-du Hong, Wei-gang Sun, Su-yu Liu, Teng-fei Xuan,wgsun@hdu.edu.cn

Journal Article

Decentralized multi-agent reinforcement learning with networked agents: recent advances

Kaiqing Zhang, Zhuoran Yang, Tamer Başar,kzhang66@illinois.edu,zy6@princeton.edu,basar1@illinois.edu

Journal Article

Consensus-based three-dimensionalmulti-UAV formation control strategy with high precision

Mao-de YAN, Xu ZHU, Xun-xun ZHANG, Yao-hong QU

Journal Article

Bipartite asynchronous impulsive tracking consensus for multi-agent systems

Lingzhong ZHANG, Yuanyuan LI, Jungang LOU, Jianquan LU

Journal Article

Dr.Hadoop: an infinite scalable metadata management for Hadoop—Howthe baby elephant becomes immortal

Dipayan DEV,Ripon PATGIRI

Journal Article

Consensus of multi-agent systems with dynamic join characteristics under impulsive control

Xiang Hu, Zufan Zhang, Chuandong Li,huyangyu0203@163.com,zhangzf@cqupt.edu.cn,cdli@swu.edu.cn

Journal Article

Blockchain for Transparent Data Management Toward 6G

Xuemin (Sherman) Shen, Dongxiao Liu, Cheng Huang, Liang Xue, Han Yin, Weihua Zhuang, Rob Sun, Bidi Ying

Journal Article

Finite-time leader-follower consensus of a discrete-time system via sliding mode control

Ruizhuo SONG, Shi XING, Zhen XU

Journal Article

Autonomous fault-diagnosis and decision-making algorithm for determining faulty nodes in distributed wireless networks

Adel KHOSRAVI,Yousef SEIFI KAVIAN

Journal Article

Optimal synchronization control for multi-agent systems with input saturation: a nonzero-sum game

Hongyang LI, Qinglai WEI

Journal Article

Robust distributed model predictive consensus of discrete-time multi-agent systems: a self-triggered approach

Jiaqi Li, Qingling Wang, Yanxu Su, Changyin Sun,jiaqil2018@seu.edu.cn,qlwang@seu.edu.cn,yanxu.su@seu.edu.cn,cysun@seu.edu.cn

Journal Article