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Features of seismic hazard in large dam projects and strong motion monitoring of large dams

Martin WIELAND,

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第1期页码 56-64 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0005-6

摘要： Earthquakes can affect large dam projects in many different ways. Usually, design engineers are focussing on ground shaking and neglect the other aspects. The May 12, 2008 Wenchuan earthquake has damaged 1803 dams and reservoirs, and 403 hydropower plants with an installed capacity of 3.3GW. Among these dams were the 132-m-high Shapai RCC arch dam and the 156-m-high Zipingpu concrete face rockfill dam. These recently completed dams are dam types which, up to now, have not experienced strong ground shaking. The widespread mass movements have caused substantial damage to dams and surface powerhouses in Sichuan. The different features of earthquake hazard are presented, i.e., ground shaking, faulting and mass movements. It is proposed to prepare project-specific safety plans for all dams, which consist of a matrix where the possible hazards and the corresponding countermeasures are listed. The earthquake behaviors of the Sefid Rud, Zipingpu and Shapai dams, which, in the past, have experienced strong ground shaking from nearby earthquakes, are discussed. Finally, the need for strong motion instrumentation of large dams is discussed. It is proposed that major dams with large damage potential, dams located in areas of high seismicity, and dams showing signs of abnormal behavior be equipped with strong motion instruments.

关键词： seismic hazard arch dam concrete face rockfill dam strong motion instrumentation reservoir-triggered seismicity Wenchuan earthquake

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Fire hazard in transportation infrastructure: Review, assessment, and mitigation strategies

Venkatesh KODUR, M. Z. NASER

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第1期页码 46-60 doi: 10.1007/s11709-020-0676-6

摘要： This paper reviews the fire problem in critical transportation infrastructures such as bridges and tunnels. The magnitude of the fire problem is illustrated, and the recent increase in fire problems in bridges and tunnels is highlighted. Recent research undertaken to address fire problems in transportation structures is reviewed, as well as critical factors governing the performance of those structures. Furthermore, key strategies recommended for mitigating fire hazards in bridges and tunnels are presented, and their applicability to practical situations is demonstrated through a practical case study. Furthermore, research needs and emerging trends for enhancing the “state-of-the-art” in this area are discussed.

关键词： fire hazard bridges tunnels fire resistance mitigation strategies transportation infrastructure

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Predicting non-carcinogenic hazard quotients of heavy metals in pepper (

Marzieh Mokarram, Hamid Reza Pourghasemi, Huichun Zhang

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第6期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-020-1331-0

摘要： Abstract • There was significant absorption of heavy metals by the pepper in contaminated soils. • The target hazard quotient (THQ) indices followed the order of Pb>Zn>>Cd » Ni. • Relationships exist between contaminated plants and electromagnetic wave. • PCA and random search can select the main spectra and predict THQ for each element. Given the tendency of heavy metals to accumulate in soil and plants, the purpose of this study was to determine the contamination levels of Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn on peppers (leaves and fruit) grown in contaminated soils in industrial centers. For this purpose, we measured the uptake of the four heavy metals by peppers grown in the heavy metal contaminated soils throughout the four growth stages: two-leaf, growth, flowering, and fruiting, and calculated various vegetation indices to evaluate the heavy metal contamination potentials. Electromagnetic waves were also applied for analyzing the responses of the target plants to various heavy metals. Based on the relevant spectral bands identified by principal component analysis (PCA) and random search methods, a regression method was then employed to determine the most optimal spectral bands for estimating the target hazard quotient (THQ). The THQ was found to be the highest in the plants contaminated by Pb (THQ= 62) and Zn (THQ= 5.07). The results of PCA and random search indicated that the spectra at the bands of b570, b650, and b760 for Pb, b400 and b1030 for Ni, b400 and b880 for Cd, and b560, b910, and b1050 for Zn were the most optimal spectra for assessing THQ. Therefore, in future studies, instead of examining the amount of heavy metals in plants by chemical analysis in the laboratory, the responses of the plants to the electromagnetic waves in the identified bands can be readily investigated in the field based on the established correlations.

关键词： Heavy metals Plants Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Random search Electromagnetic wave

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海底碳封存环境地质灾害风险及监测技术研究

张少鹏,刘晓磊,程光伟,朱超祁,李清平,何玉发

《中国工程科学》 2023年第25卷第3期页码 122-130 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2023.03.011

摘要：

海底CO2地质封存是我国实现“双碳”目标的重要组成部分，但CO2泄露具有诱发海底地质灾害的风险，威胁海洋工程的安全建设，因此开展封存区环境地质监测对海洋碳封存实施具有重要的现实意义。本文在简要介绍海底CO2地质封存示范案例的基础上，阐述了海底封存区CO2泄露的致灾机制，结合实例梳理了典型CO2控释试验中的海洋环境监测技术，重点分析了与CO2泄露相关的环境地质监测技术，包括地震调查与监测、电阻率法监测技术、重力监测技术、海床变形监测技术以及沉积物孔隙压力监测技术等，展望了我国海底碳封存及其环境地质监测的未来发展前景。研究认为，今后应侧重封存区CO2泄露致灾机制与环境地质监测技术研究，建议在研发长时序、低成本并实时监测技术的基础上，结合封存区基线调查，建立和发展系统性、智能性的多维度灾害识别模型，构建多方面、多层次、多灾种的监测预警预报体系。

关键词：海底碳封存；环境地质；CO2泄露；灾害风险；监测技术

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Necessity of integrated methodology for hazard mitigation of quake lakes: case study of the Wenchuan

Xudong FU, Fan LIU, Guangqian WANG, Wenjie XU, Jianxin ZHANG

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第1期页码 1-10 doi: 10.1007/s11709-011-0099-5

摘要： The massive 8.0-magnitude Wenchuan Earthquake triggered huge landslides, avalanches, and debris flows that blocked rivers and created 34 important quake lakes, including the Tangjiashan Quake Lake on the Tongkou River. More than half of these lakes were identified to be of moderate or high hazard levels, so activities needed to be undertaken for hazard mitigation of potential flooding. This paper presents the mitigation processes of quake lake hazards, which involve various techniques such as rapid hazard analysis, scenario-based mitigation planning, and real-time forecasting of outburst flooding for implementation actions. The shortage of hydrologic and geological data and the nature of emergency situations raise substantial challenges in the hazard mitigation of quake lakes. This paper suggests a potential approach in dealing with quake lake hazards, which integrates the automatic monitoring network, hydrologic models, and hydrodynamic models with a comprehensive indicator for hazard levels. The necessity of improving the integrated methodology is highlighted.

关键词： quake lake hazard mitigation dam failure emergency Tangjiashan

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Hazard potential of zones of weakness in gravity dams under impact loading conditions

Herbert LINSBAUER

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第1期页码 90-97 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0008-3

摘要： Dam constructions worldwide are designed and constructed in view of the strictest safety aspects for all static and dynamic load cases. As experience shows, however, formation of cracks in the “homogeneos concrete” as well as unsatisfactory compound behavior of lift joints are not to be excluded. These zones of weakness especially on the upstream side of the dam— exposed to high water pressure (static and dynamic)— represent an increased risk of safety. The main investigation, apart from the computation of the dynamic effects on the dam as a global structure, focuses on the stability analysis of a pressure-water filled crack configuration subjected to “dynamic loading” in the form of seismic action on the dam-reservoir-system and alternatively by “impact spot-loading” within sectors of the reservoir. A fracture mechanics based analysis shows an excessive potential of damage for the afflicted structure.

关键词： dam-reservoir earthquake impact cracking fracture mechanics

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Hazard and vulnerability evaluation of water distribution system in cases of contamination intrusion

Kunlun XIN, Tao TAO, Yong WANG, Suiqing LIU

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第6期页码 839-848 doi: 10.1007/s11783-012-0409-8

摘要： In this paper, it proposed an index system for hazard and vulnerability evaluations of water distribution networks, based on the simulation of contamination events caused by pollutant injections at different junctions. It attempted to answer the following two questions in the case of contamination events: 1) Which are the most hazardous junctions? 2) Which are the most vulnerable junctions? With EPANET toolkit, it simulated the propagation of the contaminant, and calculated the peak concentration of the contaminant and mass delivered at different nodes. According to types of consumers, different weights were assigned to the consumer nodes for assessing the influence of the contaminant on the consumers. Using the method proposed herein, both the hazard index and vulnerability index were calculated for each node in the pipe network. The presented method was therefore applied to the water network of the city of Zhenjiang, which contains two water plants, two booster pump stations with storage tanks. In conclusion, the response time, the relationships between the peak concentration of contaminant and the total absorption are the most important factors in hazard and vulnerability evaluation of the water distribution network.

关键词： water distribution network hazard vulnerability contaminant accident

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包装型乳化炸药生产线重大危险源分析及预防措施

吴晓梦

《中国工程科学》 2014年第16卷第11期页码 82-85

摘要：

乳化炸药具有良好的抗水性能、储存性能和爆轰性能，且制造工艺简单、成本低廉，已在全世界得到了广泛的推广应用。本文介绍了我国乳化炸药发展现状及生产工艺特点，结合当前国内外包装型乳化炸药的工艺技术特点，分析了乳化炸药生产线重大危险源，提出了确保乳化炸药生产本质安全的应对措施。

关键词：乳化炸药危险源预防措施

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西南铁路地质灾害与勘察防治技术成就

朱颖,蒋良文,屈科,李光辉,曹化平

《中国工程科学》 2008年第10卷第4期页码 29-37

摘要：

我国西南地区处于青藏高原周边地带，位于印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞带东侧附近，地质构造十分复杂，地质灾害严重。结合宝成、贵昆、成昆、襄渝、南昆、内昆、渝怀等西南复杂地质艰险山区重要干线铁路的勘察设计、施工和运营，总结概括了西南铁路地质灾害的基本情况，并较系统地介绍了几种主要地质灾害的铁路地质勘察和工程防治技术经验。

关键词：西南地区铁路地质灾害勘察防治技术

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高层建筑火灾风险评估的指标体系设计

刘爱华,施式亮,吴超

《中国工程科学》 2006年第8卷第9期页码 90-94

摘要：

针对高层建筑火灾危险的特点，通过对火灾场景的设定，从消防对策的角度对火灾进行了阶段划分，并针对每个阶段运用了事故树和事件树的方法进行了事故分析，找出了影响火灾发展和蔓延的相关因素，建立了多层次的高层建筑火灾危险评价的指标体系。该指标体系能为建筑物安全管理提供科学依据，也能为高层建筑火灾风险评估奠定基础。

关键词：高层建筑火灾指标体系火灾场景火灾阶段划分

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基于危险分析与风险评价的液压提升机安全设计

彭佑多,高光辉,郭迎福, 吴立桃,李新

《中国工程科学》 2010年第12卷第2期页码 70-75

摘要：

介绍了液压提升机的安全性能要求，对液压提升机进行了危险分析和风险评价，确定了各子系统的危险分值，得到了安全设计中必须高度关注的子系统；进行了各子系统的安全可靠度的预计与分配，并简要分析了子系统的安全设计要点，为液压提升机的安全可靠性分析与设计提供了依据。

关键词：液压提升机安全设计危险分析风险评价安全可靠性

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Long-term behavior and safety assessment of Sance Rockfill Dam

Marta DOLEZALOVA, Ivo HLADIK

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第1期页码 79-89 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0010-9

摘要： Safety assessment of the 62 m high Sance Rockfill Dam based on long-term monitoring results and their simulation by numerical models is presented in the paper. Unexpectedly large settlements and horizontal movements of the crest together with the steep downstream slope questioned the safety of the dam. Calibrated 2D and 3D models fitting the monitoring results were applied for the safety assessment of the dam including slope stability analysis and estimation of the clay core cracking and hydraulic fracturing hazard. The modeling results contributed to the rehabilitation concept and project of the dam.

关键词： rockfill dam path dependence creep calibration cracking hydraulic fracturing hazard

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化工生产人工误操作危险与可操作性分析研究

高金吉,王峰,张雪,杨剑锋,王世达

《中国工程科学》 2008年第10卷第8期页码 35-39

摘要：

研究了危险化学品生产装置开、停车过程中人工误操作危险与可操作性分析系统，可为防范人工误操作提供新的分析方法，为防范事故提供技术依据。以吉林石化硝基苯初馏塔开车过程中由于人工误操作引发的爆炸事故为例进行了分析。

关键词：人工误操作危险与可操作性分析概率风险

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区域定量风险评价方法及其在城市重大危险源安全规划中的应用

吴宗之,多英全,魏利军,关磊

《中国工程科学》 2006年第8卷第4期页码 46-49

摘要：

介绍了区域定量风险评价的基本原理和评价指标，建立了基于网格差分的风险计算模型，给出了定量风险评价的程序，开发了个人风险的计算软件，提出了区域定量风险评价方法，并在某油气库区风险评价与安全规划中实际应用。通过分析计算，给出了该区域的个人风险等值线分布图和社会风险（F-N）曲线。结果表明，由于该地区液化石油气储量大，事故后果严重，且库区离居民区较近，周边企业较多，人口密集，使得个人风险和社会风险均超出了推荐标准的要求。该方法为进行城市重大危险源的安全规划提供了基础理论和技术方法，对进行城市土地使用及其他灾害领域的安全规划具有指导意义。

关键词：风险评价安全规划重大危险源城市规划

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Machine learning-based seismic assessment of framed structures with soil-structure interaction

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第2期页码 205-223 doi: 10.1007/s11709-022-0909-y

摘要： The objective of the current study is to propose an expert system framework based on a supervised machine learning technique (MLT) to predict the seismic performance of low- to mid-rise frame structures considering soil-structure interaction (SSI). The methodology of the framework is based on examining different MLTs to obtain the highest possible accuracy for prediction. Within the MLT, a sensitivity analysis was conducted on the main SSI parameters to select the most effective input parameters. Multiple limit state criteria were used for the seismic evaluation within the process. A new global seismic assessment ratio was introduced that considers both serviceability and strength aspects by utilizing three different engineering demand parameters (EDPs). The proposed framework is novel because it enables the designer to seismically assess the structure, while simultaneously considering different EDPs and multiple limit states. Moreover, the framework provides recommendations for building component design based on the newly introduced global seismic assessment ratio, which considers different levels of seismic hazards. The proposed framework was validated through comparison using non-linear time history (NLTH) analysis. The results show that the proposed framework provides more accurate results than conventional methods. Finally, the generalization potential of the proposed framework was tested by investigating two different types of structural irregularities, namely, stiffness and mass irregularities. The results from the framework were in good agreement with the NLTH analysis results for the selected case studies, and peak ground acceleration (PGA) was found to be the most influential input parameter in the assessment process for the case study models investigated. The proposed framework shows high generalization potential for low- to mid-rise structures.

关键词： seismic hazard artificial neural network soil-structure interaction seismic analysis