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Recent transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in China: the implication of molecular epidemiology

Chongguang Yang, Qian Gao

Frontiers of Medicine 2018, Volume 12, Issue 1,   Pages 76-83 doi: 10.1007/s11684-017-0609-5

Abstract: Evidence from molecular epidemiology studies has delineated the recent transmission of ( ) strains inWe reviewed the implementations of molecular epidemiology of TB in China, the estimated disease burden

Keywords： tuberculosis     recent transmission     molecular epidemiology     China    

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Chronic hepatitis B virus infection: epidemiology, prevention, and treatment in China

Rui Yu,Rong Fan,Jinlin Hou

Frontiers of Medicine 2014, Volume 8, Issue 2,   Pages 135-144 doi: 10.1007/s11684-014-0331-5

Abstract: The universal vaccination program since 1992 has changed the epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection

Keywords： chronic hepatitis B     epidemiology     prevention     treatment    

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The epidemiology of norovirus gastroenteritis in China: disease burden and distribution of genotypes

Honglu Zhou, Songmei Wang, Lorenz von Seidlein, Xuanyi Wang

Frontiers of Medicine 2020, Volume 14, Issue 1,   Pages 1-7 doi: 10.1007/s11684-019-0733-5

Abstract: With the improvements of sanitation and nationwide safe water supply the occurrence of bacterial diarrhea declined remarkably, while viruses became the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis (AGE). Of these viruses, noroviruses (NoVs) are responsible for a considerable burden of gastroenteritis, especially in children<2 years and elderly≥65 years. NoVs circulating in the Chinese population are antigenically highly diverse with the genotype GII.4 being the dominant strain followed by GII.3. Given the widespread contamination in environmental sources, and highly infectious nature of NoVs, vaccination would be the desirable strategy for the control of NoV infections. However, a better understanding of acquired immunity after infection, and a reliable immunological surrogate marker are urgently needed, since two vaccine candidates based on virus-like particles (VLPs) are currently moving into clinical evaluations in China.

Keywords： molecular epidemiology     norovirus     disease burden     genotype     China    

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Epidemiology of fungal infections in China

Min Chen, Yuan Xu, Nan Hong, Yali Yang, Wenzhi Lei, Lin Du, Jingjun Zhao, Xia Lei, Lin Xiong, Langqi Cai, Hui Xu, Weihua Pan, Wanqing Liao

Frontiers of Medicine 2018, Volume 12, Issue 1,   Pages 58-75 doi: 10.1007/s11684-017-0601-0

Abstract:

With the increasing number of immunocompromised hosts, the epidemiological characteristics of fungal infections have undergone enormous changes worldwide, including in China. In this paper, we reviewed the existing data on mycosis across China to summarize available epidemiological profiles. We found that the general incidence of superficial fungal infections in China has been stable, but the incidence of tinea capitis has decreased and the transmission route has changed. By contrast, the overall incidence of invasive fungal infections has continued to rise. The occurrence of candidemia caused by species other than and including some uncommon species has increased recently in China. Infections caused by have also propagated in recent years, particularly with the emergence of azole-resistant . An increasing trend of cryptococcosis has been noted in China, with var. ST 5 genotype isolates as the predominant pathogen. Retrospective studies have suggested that the epidemiological characteristics of pneumonia in China may be similar to those in other developing countries. Endemic fungal infections, such as sporotrichosis in Northeastern China, must arouse research, diagnostic, and treatment vigilance. Currently, the epidemiological data on mycosis in China are variable and fragmentary. Thus, a nationwide epidemiological research on fungal infections in China is an important need for improving the country’s health.

Keywords： fungi     infection     epidemiology     China    

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Molecular epidemiology of Cryptococcus neoformans species complex isolates from HIV-positive and HIV-negative

Min CHEN MM, Wei-Hua PAN MD, Wan-Qing LIAO MM, Xiao-Ran LI BS, Bi-Wei FENG BS, Zhe-Xue QUAN PhD, Shao-Xi WU MD, Xiao-Ping TANG MD, Zhi-Rong YAO MD,

Frontiers of Medicine 2010, Volume 4, Issue 1,   Pages 117-126 doi: 10.1007/s11684-010-0011-z

Abstract: This study investigated the molecular types of the species complex isolates and their clinical manifestations among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative patients in southeast China in the past 15 years. The molecular types of 109 isolates from 108 patients were analyzed by the PCR fingerprinting method, sequences of internal transcribed spacers of rDNA (ITS region), and sequences of the capsule-associated gene (). In HIV-positive patients, clinical isolates were grouped into molecular types VNI (75%, 15/20), VNII (15%, 3/20), and VNIII (10%, 2/20). In HIV-negative patients, the majority of the clinical isolates were grouped into molecular types VNI (72%, 64/89), VNII (13%, 12/89), VGI (12%, 11/89), VNIII (1%, 1/89), and VGII (1%, 1/89). In reference to the mating type of the isolates, 97% (106/109) were of the α, 2% (2/109) were of the α/- and 1% (1/109) were of theα/. As for the clinical manifestations of the molecular types among the patients, the average cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure of the patients infected by the was higher than that of the patients infected by the . These results suggest that both HIV-positive and HIV-negative cryptococcal patients in the southeast of China are mostly infected by the strains. No strains were found in HIV-positive patients.

Keywords： Cryptococcus neoformans     Cryptococcus gattii     cryptococcosis     molecular epidemiology     molecular type     mating    

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Neosporosis: An Overview of Its Molecular Epidemiology and Pathogenesis Review

Asis Khan, Jahangheer S. Shaik, Patricia Sikorski, Jitender P. Dubey, Michael E. Grigg

Engineering 2020, Volume 6, Issue 1,   Pages 10-19 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2019.02.010

Abstract: Although molecular epidemiology studies are in their infancy, the 18S rRNA and ITS1 regions within theThe aim of this review is to outline our current understanding of the molecular epidemiology and genomics

Keywords： Neosporosis     Molecular epidemiology     Population genetics     Genomics     Host response     Vaccine    

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Translating evidence into policy in China: opportunities and challenges

Jiyao Wang, Xuejuan Jin

Frontiers of Medicine 2011, Volume 5, Issue 3,   Pages 315-320 doi: 10.1007/s11684-011-0146-6

Abstract: In the past two decades, the Chinese Clinical Epidemiology Network has been promoting evidence-based

Keywords： clinical epidemiology     evidence-based decision making     policy    

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Review of hand, foot and mouth disease

Lan-Juan LI MD,

Frontiers of Medicine 2010, Volume 4, Issue 2,   Pages 139-146 doi: 10.1007/s11684-010-0033-6

Abstract: Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is an acute viral illness that primarily affects infants and young children, and often occurs in clusters or outbreaks. The major causative agents of HFMD are coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16), human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) and coxsackievirus A10 (CVA10), of the genus in the family Picornaviridae. HFMD caused by EV71 is associated with severe neurological complications and death. Since the late 1990s, several major epidemics of EV71 HFMD have swept through the Asia-Pacific region, associated with a rapid fulminant course, severe neurological complications, and a large number of fatalities. Until now, little has been known about the genetics and transmission trends of the fast-mutation virus, and there is no effective and specific antiviral therapy or vaccine for HFMD. It is time to step up efforts to understand the molecular epidemics and pathogenesis so that we can develop effective management strategies and surveillance programs.

Keywords： hand     foot and mouth disease     epidemiology     pathogenesis     management     surveillance    

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Primary assessment of the diversity of Omicron sublineages and the epidemiologic features of autumn/winter 2022 COVID-19 wave in Chinese mainland

Frontiers of Medicine doi: 10.1007/s11684-022-0981-7

Abstract: With the recent ongoing autumn/winter 2022 COVID-19 wave and the adjustment of public health control measures, there have been widespread SARS-CoV-2 infections in Chinese mainland. Here we have analyzed 369 viral genomes from recently diagnosed COVID-19 patients in Shanghai, identifying a large number of sublineages of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron family. Phylogenetic analysis, coupled with contact history tracing, revealed simultaneous community transmission of two Omicron sublineages dominating the infections in some areas of China (BA.5.2 mainly in Guangzhou and Shanghai, and BF.7 mainly in Beijing) and two highly infectious sublineages recently imported from abroad (XBB and BQ.1). Publicly available data from August 31 to November 29, 2022 indicated an overall severe/critical case rate of 0.035% nationwide, while analysis of 5706 symptomatic patients treated at the Shanghai Public Health Center between September 1 and December 26, 2022 showed that 20 cases (0.35%) without comorbidities progressed into severe/critical conditions and 153 cases (2.68%) with COVID-19-exacerbated comorbidities progressed into severe/critical conditions. These observations shall alert healthcare providers to place more resources for the treatment of severe/critical cases. Furthermore, mathematical modeling predicts this autumn/winter wave might pass through major cities in China by the end of the year, whereas some middle and western provinces and rural areas would be hit by the upcoming infection wave in mid-to-late January 2023, and the duration and magnitude of upcoming outbreak could be dramatically enhanced by the extensive travels during the Spring Festival (January 21, 2023). Altogether, these preliminary data highlight the needs to allocate resources to early diagnosis and effective treatment of severe cases and the protection of vulnerable population, especially in the rural areas, to ensure the country’s smooth exit from the ongoing pandemic and accelerate socio-economic recovery.

Keywords： SARS-CoV-2     COVID-19     Omicron     genomic epidemiology    

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The epidemic status and risk factors of lung cancer in Xuanwei City, Yunnan Province, China

Yize Xiao, Ying Shao, Xianjun Yu, Guangbiao Zhou

Frontiers of Medicine 2012, Volume 6, Issue 4,   Pages 388-394 doi: 10.1007/s11684-012-0233-3

Abstract:

Xuanwei City (formerly known as Xuanwei County) locates in the northeastern of Yunnan Province and is rich in coal, iron, copper and other mines, especially the smoky (bituminous) coal. Unfortunately, the lung cancer morbidity and mortality rates in this region are among China’s highest, with a clear upward trend from the mid-1970s to mid-2000s. In 2004–2005, the crude death rate of lung cancer was 91.3 per 100 000 in the whole Xuanwei City, while that for Laibin Town in this city was 241.14 per 100 000. The epidemiologic distribution (clustering patterns by population, time, and space) of lung cancer in Xuanwei has some special features, e.g., high incidence in rural areas, high incidence in females, and an early age peak in lung cancer deaths. The main factor that associates with a high rate of lung cancer incidence was found to be indoor air pollution caused by the indoor burning of smoky coal. To a certain extent, genetic defects are also associated with the high incidence of lung cancer in Xuanwei. Taken together, lung cancer in this smoky coal combustion region is a unique model for environmental factor-related human cancer, and the current studies indicate that abandoning the use of smoky coal is the key to diminish lung cancer morbidity and mortality.

Keywords： lung cancer     Xuanwei     smoky coal combustion     polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons     epidemiology    

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Prevalence of asthma symptoms in Golestan schoolchildren aged 6–7 and 13–14 years in Northeast Iran

Fatemeh Mehravar,Soheil Rafiee,Behnaz Bazrafshan,Mahmoud Khodadost

Frontiers of Medicine 2016, Volume 10, Issue 3,   Pages 345-350 doi: 10.1007/s11684-016-0462-y

Abstract:

Asthma is the most common chronic disease among children, and its incidences are often imminent among elementary schoolchildren. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of asthma symptoms in Golestan schoolchildren aged 6–7 and 13–14 years in Northeast Iran. The prevalence rate was compared according to age group (aged 6–7 years vs. aged 13–14 years) and gender (male vs. female). In this cross-sectional study, 1706 Iranian schoolchildren aged 6–7 and 13–14 years in Golestan Province were enrolled. Participants completed questionnaires between February and July 2014. Asthma symptoms were assessed using the questionnaire of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood protocol in Persian. The logistic regression model was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the asthma symptoms for each of the gender and age groups. The prevalence rates of “current asthma” symptoms and “asthma ever” in all the children were estimated as 9.5% and 7.5%, respectively. The prevalence of asthma (“asthma ever” and “wheezing in the past 12 months”) in junior high schoolchildren (aged 13–14 years) is higher than that in elementary schoolchildren (aged 6–7 years) (P <0.05). The prevalence of the severity of wheezing in girls is lower than that in boys (OR= 1.7, 95%CI= 1.06–2.96, P = 0.02). Asthma is still a major public health problem. This study shows that the prevalence of the asthma symptoms in boys is lower than that in girls in both age groups, and the severity of asthma in girls is higher than that in boys aged 13–14 years.

Keywords： asthma     asthma symptoms     epidemiology     childhood     chronic disease    

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Epidemic obesity in children and adolescents: risk factors and prevention

Eun Young Lee, Kun-Ho Yoon

Frontiers of Medicine 2018, Volume 12, Issue 6,   Pages 658-666 doi: 10.1007/s11684-018-0640-1

Abstract: The prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents (aged 2–18 years) has increased rapidly, with more than 100 million affected in 2015. Moreover, the epidemic of obesity in this population has been an important public health problem in developed and developing countries for the following reasons. Childhood and adolescent obesity tracks adulthood obesity and has been implicated in many chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, childhood and adolescent obesity is linked to adulthood mortality and premature death. Although an imbalance between caloric intake and physical activity is a principal cause of childhood and adolescent obesity, environmental factors are exclusively important for development of obesity among children and adolescents. In addition to genetic and biological factors, socioenvironmental factors, including family, school, community, and national policies, can play a crucial role. The complexity of risk factors for developing obesity among children and adolescents leads to difficulty in treatment for this population. Many interventional trials for childhood and adolescent obesity have been proven ineffective. Therefore, early identification and prevention is the key to control the global epidemic of obesity. Given that the proportion of overweight children and adolescents is far greater than that of obesity, an effective prevention strategy is to focus on overweight youth, who are at high risk for developing obesity. Multifaceted, comprehensive strategies involving behavioral, psychological, and environmental risk factors must also be developed to prevent obesity among children and adolescents.

Keywords： obesity     children     adolescents     epidemiology     risk factor     prevention    

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a clinical update

Min Zhou, Xinxin Zhang, Jieming Qu

Frontiers of Medicine 2020, Volume 14, Issue 2,   Pages 126-135 doi: 10.1007/s11684-020-0767-8

Abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has posed a significant threat to global health. It caused a total of 80 868 confirmed cases and 3101 deaths in Chinese mainland until March 8, 2020. This novel virus spread mainly through respiratory droplets and close contact. As disease progressed, a series of complications tend to develop, especially in critically ill patients. Pathological findings showed representative features of acute respiratory distress syndrome and involvement of multiple organs. Apart from supportive care, no specific treatment has been established for COVID-19. The efficacy of some promising antivirals, convalescent plasma transfusion, and tocilizumab needs to be investigated by ongoing clinical trials.

Keywords： coronavirus disease 2019     epidemiology     pathology     radiology     clinical characteristics     treatment    

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Epidemiological study of a von Hippel-Lindau family in northwest China

Jingyao Zhang, Dapeng Wu, Hong Ai, Jigang Bai, Shunbin Dong, Qinling Yang, Kai Qu, Lei Zhou, Xinsen Xu, Chang Liu

Frontiers of Medicine 2013, Volume 7, Issue 3,   Pages 378-385 doi: 10.1007/s11684-013-0276-0

Abstract:

von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is a rare, inherited neoplastic disease characterized by hemangioblastomas (HBL) of the central nervous system (CNS), retinal angiomas, renal cell carcinomas (RCC), pancreatic endocrine tumors (PETs), pheochromocytomas, paragangliomas, and visceral cysts. We encountered a large VHL family in northwest China and conducted a systematic screening of the family members based on their epidemiological and clinical characteristics. A self-designed questionnaire was used to collect the general sociodemographic and health information of the family members. For the preliminary family screening, physical examination and abdomen B ultrasonography were performed. The suspected patients were subjected to cranial computerized tomography and fundus examination. The clinical data of the patients with confirmed VHL disease were collected from hospital records. A total of 63 lineal descendants in six generations were observed in the family (generations O, A, B, C, D, E), including 9 dead suspected cases (6 males, 3 females) and 10 living cases (2 males, 8 females). Among the 10 living cases, 4, 2, 1, 3, 4, 8, and 2 manifested HBLs of the CNS, PETs, RCC, pancreatic cysts, renal cysts, pheochromocytomas (4 hemi and 4 bilateral), and paragangliomas, respectively. Data showed that the morbidity of VHL disease in generation C was lower than that in generation B, but the age of onset was younger. This study is the first to report VHL disease in northwest China and VHL-associated PET cases in Chinese. Therefore, follow-up checkups of the family should be focused on younger generations. Proper family screening protocols should be followed for the treatment of patients with VHL disease.

Keywords： von Hippel-Lindau disease     epidemiology     family screening     pancreatic endocrine tumor    

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Human microbiome and prostate cancer development: current insights into the prevention and treatment

Solmaz Ohadian Moghadam, Seyed Ali Momeni

Frontiers of Medicine 2021, Volume 15, Issue 1,   Pages 11-32 doi: 10.1007/s11684-019-0731-7

Abstract: The huge communities of microorganisms that symbiotically colonize humans are recognized as significant players in health and disease. The human microbiome may influence prostate cancer development. To date, several studies have focused on the effect of prostate infections as well as the composition of the human microbiome in relation to prostate cancer risk. Current studies suggest that the microbiota of men with prostate cancer significantly differs from that of healthy men, demonstrating that certain bacteria could be associated with cancer development as well as altered responses to treatment. In healthy individuals, the microbiome plays a crucial role in the maintenance of homeostasis of body metabolism. Dysbiosis may contribute to the emergence of health problems, including malignancy through affecting systemic immune responses and creating systemic inflammation, and changing serum hormone levels. In this review, we discuss recent data about how the microbes colonizing different parts of the human body including urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, oral cavity, and skin might affect the risk of developing prostate cancer. Furthermore, we discuss strategies to target the microbiome for risk assessment, prevention, and treatment of prostate cancer.

Keywords： microbiome     prostate cancer     prevention     treatment     molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE)     biomarker    

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Title Author Date Type Operation

Recent transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in China: the implication of molecular epidemiology

Chongguang Yang, Qian Gao

Journal Article

Chronic hepatitis B virus infection: epidemiology, prevention, and treatment in China

Rui Yu,Rong Fan,Jinlin Hou

Journal Article

The epidemiology of norovirus gastroenteritis in China: disease burden and distribution of genotypes

Honglu Zhou, Songmei Wang, Lorenz von Seidlein, Xuanyi Wang

Journal Article

Epidemiology of fungal infections in China

Min Chen, Yuan Xu, Nan Hong, Yali Yang, Wenzhi Lei, Lin Du, Jingjun Zhao, Xia Lei, Lin Xiong, Langqi Cai, Hui Xu, Weihua Pan, Wanqing Liao

Journal Article

Molecular epidemiology of Cryptococcus neoformans species complex isolates from HIV-positive and HIV-negative

Min CHEN MM, Wei-Hua PAN MD, Wan-Qing LIAO MM, Xiao-Ran LI BS, Bi-Wei FENG BS, Zhe-Xue QUAN PhD, Shao-Xi WU MD, Xiao-Ping TANG MD, Zhi-Rong YAO MD,

Journal Article

Neosporosis: An Overview of Its Molecular Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Asis Khan, Jahangheer S. Shaik, Patricia Sikorski, Jitender P. Dubey, Michael E. Grigg

Journal Article

Translating evidence into policy in China: opportunities and challenges

Jiyao Wang, Xuejuan Jin

Journal Article

Review of hand, foot and mouth disease

Lan-Juan LI MD,

Journal Article

Primary assessment of the diversity of Omicron sublineages and the epidemiologic features of autumn/winter 2022 COVID-19 wave in Chinese mainland

Journal Article

The epidemic status and risk factors of lung cancer in Xuanwei City, Yunnan Province, China

Yize Xiao, Ying Shao, Xianjun Yu, Guangbiao Zhou

Journal Article

Prevalence of asthma symptoms in Golestan schoolchildren aged 6–7 and 13–14 years in Northeast Iran

Fatemeh Mehravar,Soheil Rafiee,Behnaz Bazrafshan,Mahmoud Khodadost

Journal Article

Epidemic obesity in children and adolescents: risk factors and prevention

Eun Young Lee, Kun-Ho Yoon

Journal Article

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a clinical update

Min Zhou, Xinxin Zhang, Jieming Qu

Journal Article

Epidemiological study of a von Hippel-Lindau family in northwest China

Jingyao Zhang, Dapeng Wu, Hong Ai, Jigang Bai, Shunbin Dong, Qinling Yang, Kai Qu, Lei Zhou, Xinsen Xu, Chang Liu

Journal Article

Human microbiome and prostate cancer development: current insights into the prevention and treatment

Solmaz Ohadian Moghadam, Seyed Ali Momeni

Journal Article