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A study of uplink and downlink channel spatial characteristics in an urban micro scenario at 28 GHz

Tao Jiang, Jianhua Zhang, Pan Tang, Lei Tian,jet@bupt.edu.cn,jhzhang@bupt.edu.cn

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2021, Volume 22, Issue 4,   Pages 488-502 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2000443

Abstract: This paper presents an empirical study of the and (AoA) in an urban micro (UMi) scenario at 28 GHz. At present, most UMi measurements are conducted in the and then the situation is inferred assuming channel reciprocity. Although the channel correlation coefficient of the and can be as high as 0.8, this does not mean that they are the same. Only a real measurement can accurately describe its channel conditions, and this is what this study does. A receiver equipped with a rotatable horn antenna is mounted at the base station and the user terminal, respectively, in simulating the and . To improve the angular resolution, we extract the multipath components (MPCs) using the space-alternating generalized expectation-maximization algorithm. Also, a spatial lobe approach is used to cluster the MPCs in the power angular spectrum. By matching MPCs with objects in the environment, we find that direct propagation and first-order reflections are dominant in line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight cases. By comparing our measurement with those in standard channel models, we verify that the AoA of clusters follows a Gaussian distribution in the and . In addition, a two-dimensional Gaussian distribution for ray AoA and power is established to reflect their correlation.

Keywords： 信道测量；毫米波；上行链路；下行链路；水平到达角    

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Polarizationmultiplexing based duplex radio-over-fiber link for millimeterwave signal transmission to a ring of multiple radio access units None

Tayyab MEHMOOD, Hina QAYYUM, Salman GHAFOOR

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2019, Volume 20, Issue 2,   Pages 300-306 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1700056

Abstract:

A radio-over-fiber (RoF) distributed antenna system (DAS) architecture is proposed, where millimeter wave (mm-wave) signals are transmitted to four different radio access units (RAUs) arranged in a ring topology. The proposed architecture transmits duplex data of 128 Mb/s to each RAU in both downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) directions. The radio frequency (RF) signals are transmitted by polarization multiplexing a multi-wavelength source. Millimeter-wave signals at a frequency of 25 GHz are generated at each RAU using remote heterodyne detection. The proposed architecture provides increased coverage while maintaining good bit error rate (BER) results.

Keywords： Radio over fiber     Millimeter wave     Radio access units    

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An evaluation method for link importance based on the characteristic of network communication

Jiang Yu,Hu Aiqun,He Ming

Strategic Study of CAE 2009, Volume 11, Issue 9,   Pages 64-67

Abstract:

A method for finding the most vital edge based on the characteristic of network communication is proposed. The link importance is determined by its using frequency in all-pairs shortest paths and the most vital edge results in the highest frequency. Without the commonly used edge-deletion and edge-contraction methods, the proposed algorithm directly reflects the edge's contribution to the network communication and the relative importance of the two edges in the network can be evaluated. The algorithm analyses and the experimental results show that this algorithm overcomes the currently existent problems and provides a more reasonable principle for ranking edges which is consistent with our intuitive judgments.

Keywords： communication networks     link importance     shortest paths     serial links    

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Radio propagation measurement and cluster-based analysis for millimeter-wave cellular systems in dense urban environments

Peize Zhang, Haiming Wang, Wei Hong,pzzhang@seu.edu.cn,hmwang@seu.edu.cn,weihong@seu.edu.cn

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2021, Volume 22, Issue 4,   Pages 471-487 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2000489

Abstract: The deployment of millimeter-wave (mmWave) cellular systems in dense urban environments with an acceptable coverage and cost-efficient transmission scheme is essential for the rollout of fifth-generation and beyond technology. In this paper, cluster-based analysis of mmWave channel characteristics in two typical dense urban environments is performed. First, radio campaigns are conducted in two identified mmWave bands of 28 and 39 GHz in a central business district and a dense residential area. The custom-designed channel sounder supports high-efficiency directional scanning sounding, which helps collect sufficient data for statistical channel modeling. Next, using an improved auto- algorithm, multipath clusters and their scattering sources are identified. An appropriate measure for inter- and intra-cluster characteristics is provided, which includes the cluster number, the Ricean -factor, root-mean-squared (RMS) delay spread, RMS angular spread, and their correlations. Comparisons of these parameters across two mmWave bands for both line-of-sight (LoS) and non-light-of-sight (NLoS) links are given. To shed light on the blockage effects, detailed analysis of the propagation mechanisms corresponding to each NLoS cluster is provided, including reflection from exterior walls and over building corners and rooftops. Finally, the results show that the cluster-based analysis takes full advantage of mmWave beamspace channel characteristics and has further implications for the design and deployment of mmWave wireless networks.

Keywords： 毫米波通信；分簇；绕射；多路通道；传播测量    

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Forward link outage performance of aeronautical broadband satellite communications Research Articles

Huaicong Kong, Min Lin, Shiwen He, Xiaoyu Liu, Jian Ouyang, Weiping Zhu,linmin@njupt.edu.cn

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2021, Volume 22, Issue 6,   Pages 790-801 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2000445

Abstract: High-throughput satellites (HTSs) play an important role in future millimeter-wave (mmWave) aeronautical communication to meet high speed and broad bandwidth requirements. This paper investigates the outage performance of an aeronautical broadband satellite communication system’s forward link, where the feeder link from the gateway to the HTS uses and the user link from the HTS to aircraft operates at the mmWave band. In the user link, spot beam technology is exploited at the HTS and a massive antenna array is deployed at the aircraft. We first present a location-based beamforming (BF) scheme to maximize the expected output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the forward link with the amplify-and-forward (AF) protocol, which turns out to be a phased array. Then, by supposing that the FSO feeder link follows Gamma-Gamma fading whereas the mmWave user link experiences shadowed Rician fading, we take the influence of the into account, and derive the closed-form expression of the (OP) for the considered system. To gain further insight, a simple asymptotic OP expression at a high SNR is provided to show the diversity order and coding gain. Finally, numerical simulations are conducted to confirm the validity of the theoretical analysis and reveal the effects of s on the system outage performance.

Keywords： 航空宽带卫星网络；自由空间光传输；高通量毫米波通信；中断概率；相位误差    

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Prior information based channel estimation for millimeter-wave massive MIMO vehicular communications in 5G and beyond Research Articles

Zhao Yi, Weixia Zou, Xuebin Sun,yz17tx@bupt.edu.cn,zwx0218@bupt.edu.cn

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2021, Volume 22, Issue 6,   Pages 777-789 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2000515

Abstract: (mmWave) has been claimed as the viable solution for high-bandwidth s in 5G and beyond. To realize applications in future s, it is important to take a robust mmWave vehicular network into consideration. However, one challenge in such a network is that mmWave should provide an ultra-fast and high-rate data exchange among vehicles or vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I). Moreover, traditional real-time strategies are unavailable because vehicle mobility leads to a fast variation mmWave channel. To overcome these issues, a approach for mmWave V2I communications is proposed in this paper. Specifically, by considering a fast-moving vehicle secnario, a corresponding mathematical model for a fast channel is first established. Then, the temporal variation rule between the base station and each mobile user and the determined direction-of-arrival are used to predict the channel prior information (PI). Finally, by exploiting the PI and the characteristics of the channel, the channel is estimated. The simulation results show that the scheme in this paper outperforms traditional ones in both normalized mean square error and sum-rate performance in the mmWave vehicular system.

Keywords： 大规模多入多出；毫米波；信道估计；车辆通信；时变    

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Wide-Angle Scanning Antennas for Millimeter-Wave 5G Applications Article

Raj Mittra, Abdelkhalek Nasri, Ravi Kumar Arya

Engineering 2022, Volume 11, Issue 4,   Pages 60-73 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.10.017

Abstract:

The fifth generation (5G) network communication systems operate in the millimeter waves and are expected to provide a much higher data rate in the multi-gigabit range, which is impossible to achieve using current wireless services, including the sub-6 GHz band. In this work, we briefly review several existing designs of millimeter-wave phased arrays for 5G applications, beginning with the low-profile antenna array designs that either are fixed beam or scan the beam only in one plane. We then move on to array systems that offer two-dimensional (2D) scan capability, which is highly desirable for a majority of 5G applications. Next, in the main body of the paper, we discuss two different strategies for designing scanning arrays, both of which circumvent the use of conventional phase shifters to achieve beam scanning. We note that it is highly desirable to search for alternatives to conventional phase shifters in the millimeter-wave range because legacy phase shifters are both lossy and costly; furthermore, alternatives such as active phase shifters, which include radio frequency amplifiers, are both expensive and power-hungry. Given this backdrop, we propose two different antenna systems with potential for the desired 2D scan performance in the millimeter-wave range. The first of these is a Luneburg lens, which is excited either by a 2D waveguide array or by a microstrip patch antenna array to realize 2D scan capability. Next, for second design, we turn to phased-array designs in which the conventional phase shifter is replaced by switchable PIN diodes or varactor diodes, inserted between radiating slots in a waveguide to provide the desired phase shifts for scanning. Finally, we discuss several approaches to enhance the gain of the array by modifying the conventional array configurations. We describe novel techniques for realizing both one-dimensional (1D) and 2D scans by using a reconfigurable metasurface type of panels.Graphical abstractA number of designs for scanning antennas are presented in this work to realize a one- or two-dimensional scan. The first of these is a Luneburg lens, together with a feed array, designed to realize a wide-angle scan The the second design is based on the use of an electronically reconfigurable phase shifter, which utilizes PIN or varactor diodes inserted between radiating slots in a curved waveguide to provide the desired phase shifts. Next, the paper introduces a novel design to realize both one- and two-dimensional scans, by using reconfigurable metasurface type of panels to provide a wide-angle beam-scanning performance, without compromising either the impedance match or the gain of the array. Additionally, the paper describes several techniques for enhancing the gain of the array to achieve gain levels as high as 30 dB, to render the scanning array competitive with reflectors, for instance.Download : Download high-res image (52KB)Download : Download full-size image

Keywords： Luneburg lens     Scanning arrays     Millimeter-wave antennas     Switchable phase shifters     Reconfigurable metasurfaces    

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An efficient lossy link localization approach for wireless sensor networks Article

Wen-yan CUI, Xiang-ru MENG, Bin-feng YANG, Huan-huan YANG, Zhi-yuan ZHAO

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2017, Volume 18, Issue 5,   Pages 689-707 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1601247

Abstract: Network fault management is crucial for a wireless sensor network (WSN) to maintain a normal running state because faults (e.g., link failures) often occur. The existing lossy link localization (LLL) approach usually infers the most probable failed link set first, and then gives the fault hypothesis set. However, the inferred failed link set contains many possible failures that do not actually occur. That quantity of redundant information in the inferred set can pose a high computational burden on fault hy-pothesis inference, and consequently decreases the evaluation accuracy and increases the failure localization time. To address the issue, we propose the conditional information entropy based redundancy elimination (CIERE), a redundant lossy link elimination approach, which can eliminate most redundant information while reserving the important information. Specifically, we develop a probabilistically correlated failure model that can accurately reflect the correlation between link failures and model the nonde-terministic fault propagation. Through several rounds of mathematical derivations, the LLL problem is transformed to a set-covering problem. A heuristic algorithm is proposed to deduce the failure hypothesis set. We compare the performance of the proposed approach with those of existing LLL methods in simulation and on a real WSN, and validate the efficiency and effec-tiveness of the proposed approach.

Keywords： Lossy link localization     Redundancy eliminating algorithm     Set-covering     Wireless sensor networks (WSNs)     Network diagnosis    

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Modeling and performance analysis of OAM-GSM millimeter-wave wireless communication systems

Qi Zhang, Xusheng Xiong, Qiang Li, Tao Han, Yi Zhong,qiqiz@hust.edu.cn,xiongxusheng@hust.edu.cn,qli_patrick@hust.edu.cn,hantao@hust.edu.cn,yzhong@hust.edu.cn

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2021, Volume 22, Issue 4,   Pages 527-547 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2000444

Abstract: In recent years, the conventional degrees of freedom in frequency and time have been fully used. It is difficult to further improve the performance of communication systems with such degrees of freedom. , which provides a new degree of freedom for millimeter-wave (mmWave) wireless communication systems, has been recognized as a key enabling technique for future mobile communication networks. By combining OAM beams that have theoretically infinite and mutually orthogonal states with the strategy, a new OAM-GSM mmWave wireless communication system is designed in this paper. A model of the OAM-GSM system is established based on channel flip precoding. The , , and BER of the proposed OAM-GSM mmWave wireless communication system are simulated. Numerical results show that, compared with traditional GSM systems, the OAM-GSM system has more complex transmission and reception mechanisms but the and maximum achievable are increased by 80% and 54%, respectively, and the BER drops by 91.5%.

Keywords： 轨道角动量；广义空间调制；毫米波通信；信道容量；能量效率；误比特率    

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Spatial fading channel emulation for over-the-air testing of millimeter-wave radios: concepts and experimental validations

Wei Fan, Lassi Hentilä, Pekka Kyösti,wfa@es.aau.dk

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2021, Volume 22, Issue 4,   Pages 548-559 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2000484

Abstract: Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication is regarded as the key enabling component for fifth-generation (5G) cellular systems due to the large available spectrum bandwidth. To make mmWave new radio (NR) a reality, tremendous efforts have been exerted from the industry and academia. Performance evaluation of mmWave NR is a mandatory step and the key to ensuring the success of mmWave 5G deployment. Over-the-air (OTA) radiated method of testing mmWave NR in laboratory conditions is highly attractive, since it facilitates virtual field testing of mmWave devices in realistic propagation conditions. In this paper, we first discuss the need for and challenges in OTA measurement of mmWave 5G NR under fading channel conditions. After that, two promising candidate solutions, i.e., wireless cable and multi-probe anechoic chamber (MPAC), are detailed. Their principles, applicability for mmWave NR, and main challenges are discussed. Furthermore, preliminary experimental validation results in a frequency range 2 anechoic chamber are demonstrated for the wireless cable and MPAC methods at 28 GHz.

Keywords： 空间信道模型；空口测试；无线线缆；多探头电波暗室；FR2验证    

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Study on motion compensation method for MMW Chirp － SF radar

Wang Guili,Li Xingguo

Strategic Study of CAE 2008, Volume 10, Issue 7,   Pages 184-187

Abstract:

MMW Chirp - SF radar is a kind of radar to get high range resolution, but the problem of rangevelocity coupling is serious. So it is necessary to carry out the motion compensation in order to increase the range resolution of moving target. This paper puts forward a velocity measurement method compounding the Pulse Doppler velocity measurement and the time-domain correlation method based on Chirp - SF signal. The simulations results show that this method can be used to measure velocity accurately with simple arithmetic and high speed.

Keywords： MMW radar     Chirp - SF     Doppler     motion compensation    

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Extended Hemispherical Lens and Its Applications in Millimeter Wave Focal Imaging Systems

Sun Zhongliang,Dou Wenbin

Strategic Study of CAE 2000, Volume 2, Issue 3,   Pages 42-47

Abstract:

Recently millimeter wave imaging absorbs many attentions. Especially much research work has been done on the millimeter focal imaging because of its advantage of real time imaging. This paper analyzes extended hemispherical lens, which can be used in focal imaging. An integrated antenna array is placed at the back plane of the lens to receive the power focused by the lens. This structure can eliminate the effect of the surface wave exited in the thick dielectric substrates at millimeter wave wavelengths. Low loss and compact are its merit. Assuming an electromagnetic wave is incident on the lens surface, the field distribution in focal space of the lens is analyzed by using Stratton-Chu formula and ray tracing method. It will provide much information about the imaging performance of the lens. Experiments have been carried out for two types of incident waves, one is normally incident plane wave and another is Gaussian-beam. Good agreement has been found between experiments and calculation results. The lens antenna also can be used to eliminate the transition between paraboloidal antenna and integrated front-end in conventional integrated millimeter wave systems so that the system loss can be decreased and performance can be improved. Furthermore, the lens can be used to couple with a quasi-optical system. The results presented here will provide useful guidelines for the above mentioned applications.

Keywords： millimeter waves     antennas     imaging     extended hemispherical lens    

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A general altitude-dependent path loss model for UAV-to-ground millimeter-wave communications Research Articles

Qiuming Zhu, Mengtian Yao, Fei Bai, Xiaomin Chen, Weizhi Zhong, Boyu Hua, Xijuan Ye,zhuqiuming@nuaa.edu.cn,yaomengtian@nuaa.edu.cn,baifei@nuaa.edu.cn,chenxm402@nuaa.edu.cn,zhongwz@nuaa.edu.cn,byhua@nuaa.edu.cn,yexijuan@nuaa.edu.cn

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2021, Volume 22, Issue 6,   Pages 767-776 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2000497

Abstract: A general empirical (PL) model for air-to-ground (A2G) millimeter-wave (mmWave) channels is proposed in this paper. Different from existing PL models, the new model takes the height factor of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) into account, and divides the propagation conditions into three cases (i.e., line-of-sight, reflection, and diffraction). A map-based deterministic PL prediction algorithm based on the (RT) technique is developed, and is used to generate numerous PL data for different cases. By fitting and analyzing the PL data under different scenarios and UAV heights, model parameters are provided. Simulation results show that the proposed model can be effectively used to predict PL values for both low- and high-altitude cases. The prediction results of the proposed model better match the RT-based calculation results than those of the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) model and the close-in model. The standard deviation of the PL is also much smaller. Moreover, the new model is flexible and can be extended to other A2G scenarios (not included in this paper) by adjusting the parameters according to the simulation or measurement data.

Keywords： 传播损耗；无人机对地信道；毫米波通信信道；射线追踪；高度相关    

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The application of advanced threshold denoising tothe MMW target radiation signal

Fan Qinghui,Li Xingguo

Strategic Study of CAE 2008, Volume 10, Issue 7,   Pages 153-157

Abstract:

In this paper based on the characteristics of millimeter wave radiation signal for wavelet transform, non-negative wavelet coefficient is used as the wavelet coefficient of the signal. For a given threshold value, the wavelet coefficient which is smaller than the threshold is set zero and the wavelet coefficient which is larger than the threshold is set the difference between the coefficient and a constant a.The method for valuing a is inferred by the variance function of signal, and the experiments show that it has good ability of removing the noise in MMW target radiation signal.

Keywords： The application of advanced threshold denoising tothe MMW target radiation signal    

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Simulation on Hitting Probability of MMW Remote ControllingTrajectory Correction Munition Intercepting Mobile Anti-ship Missile

Hu Ronglin,Li Xingguo

Strategic Study of CAE 2007, Volume 9, Issue 10,   Pages 65-70

Abstract:

The basic principle of millimeter wave remote controlling munitions (MMW-RCTCM) is demonstrated in the introduction.  Then the concept of correctable intercepting flow is proposed.  And the anti-air shooting model of millimeter wave remote controlling munitions (MMW-RCTCM) intercepting mobile anti-ship missile (MACM) is established in section 2 and 3.  Subsequently,  the hitting probability of single MMW-RCTCM vs.  single MACM as well as MMW-RCTCM flow vs.  single MACM and MMW-RCTCM flow vs.  MACM flow are analyzedin detail.  The probabilities of the above are simulated based on the parameters of the two sides of attacking and intercepting in the 5th section.  It is illustrated that comparing with the non-controlling munitions,  the efficiency of MMW-RCTCM is increased remarkably.  At the last,  it is concluded that the MMW-RCTCM can resist the attacking of saturate flow; ultra-sonic MACM.

Keywords： MMW     remote controlling     trajectory correction munitions     correctable intercepting flow     anti-ship missile     hitting probability    

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Title Author Date Type Operation

A study of uplink and downlink channel spatial characteristics in an urban micro scenario at 28 GHz

Tao Jiang, Jianhua Zhang, Pan Tang, Lei Tian,jet@bupt.edu.cn,jhzhang@bupt.edu.cn

Journal Article

Polarizationmultiplexing based duplex radio-over-fiber link for millimeterwave signal transmission to a ring of multiple radio access units

Tayyab MEHMOOD, Hina QAYYUM, Salman GHAFOOR

Journal Article

An evaluation method for link importance based on the characteristic of network communication

Jiang Yu,Hu Aiqun,He Ming

Journal Article

Radio propagation measurement and cluster-based analysis for millimeter-wave cellular systems in dense urban environments

Peize Zhang, Haiming Wang, Wei Hong,pzzhang@seu.edu.cn,hmwang@seu.edu.cn,weihong@seu.edu.cn

Journal Article

Forward link outage performance of aeronautical broadband satellite communications

Huaicong Kong, Min Lin, Shiwen He, Xiaoyu Liu, Jian Ouyang, Weiping Zhu,linmin@njupt.edu.cn

Journal Article

Prior information based channel estimation for millimeter-wave massive MIMO vehicular communications in 5G and beyond

Zhao Yi, Weixia Zou, Xuebin Sun,yz17tx@bupt.edu.cn,zwx0218@bupt.edu.cn

Journal Article

Wide-Angle Scanning Antennas for Millimeter-Wave 5G Applications

Raj Mittra, Abdelkhalek Nasri, Ravi Kumar Arya

Journal Article

An efficient lossy link localization approach for wireless sensor networks

Wen-yan CUI, Xiang-ru MENG, Bin-feng YANG, Huan-huan YANG, Zhi-yuan ZHAO

Journal Article

Modeling and performance analysis of OAM-GSM millimeter-wave wireless communication systems

Qi Zhang, Xusheng Xiong, Qiang Li, Tao Han, Yi Zhong,qiqiz@hust.edu.cn,xiongxusheng@hust.edu.cn,qli_patrick@hust.edu.cn,hantao@hust.edu.cn,yzhong@hust.edu.cn

Journal Article

Spatial fading channel emulation for over-the-air testing of millimeter-wave radios: concepts and experimental validations

Wei Fan, Lassi Hentilä, Pekka Kyösti,wfa@es.aau.dk

Journal Article

Study on motion compensation method for MMW Chirp － SF radar

Wang Guili,Li Xingguo

Journal Article

Extended Hemispherical Lens and Its Applications in Millimeter Wave Focal Imaging Systems

Sun Zhongliang,Dou Wenbin

Journal Article

A general altitude-dependent path loss model for UAV-to-ground millimeter-wave communications

Qiuming Zhu, Mengtian Yao, Fei Bai, Xiaomin Chen, Weizhi Zhong, Boyu Hua, Xijuan Ye,zhuqiuming@nuaa.edu.cn,yaomengtian@nuaa.edu.cn,baifei@nuaa.edu.cn,chenxm402@nuaa.edu.cn,zhongwz@nuaa.edu.cn,byhua@nuaa.edu.cn,yexijuan@nuaa.edu.cn

Journal Article

The application of advanced threshold denoising tothe MMW target radiation signal

Fan Qinghui,Li Xingguo

Journal Article

Simulation on Hitting Probability of MMW Remote ControllingTrajectory Correction Munition Intercepting Mobile Anti-ship Missile

Hu Ronglin,Li Xingguo

Journal Article