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State space optimization of finite state machines from the viewpoint of control theory Research Article

Jumei Yue, Yongyi Yan, Zengqiang Chen, He Deng,yjm@mail.nankai.edu.cn,yyyan@mail.nankai.edu.cn

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2021, Volume 22, Issue 12,   Pages 1551-1684 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2000608

Abstract: Motivated by the inconvenience or even inability to explain the mathematics of the state of (FSMs) in most existing results, we consider the problem by viewing FSMs as logical dynamic systems. Borrowing ideas from the concept of equilibrium points of dynamic systems in control theory, the concepts of -equivalent states and -source equivalent states are introduced. Based on the state transition dynamic equations of FSMs proposed in recent years, several mathematical formulations of -equivalent states and -source equivalent states are proposed. These can be analogized to the necessary and sufficient conditions of equilibrium points of dynamic systems in control theory and thus give a mathematical explanation of the optimization problem. Using these mathematical formulations, two methods are designed to find all the -equivalent states and -source equivalent states of FSMs. Further, two ways of reducing the state space of FSMs are found. These can be implemented without computers but with only pen and paper in a mathematical manner. In addition, an open question is raised which can further improve these methods into unattended ones. Finally, the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed methods are verified by a practical language model.

Keywords： 有限状态自动机；有限值系统；逻辑系统；逻辑网络；矩阵半张量积；空间优化    

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Cellular automata based multi-bit stuck-at fault diagnosis for resistive memory Research Article

Sutapa SARKAR, Biplab Kumar SIKDAR, Mousumi SAHA

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2022, Volume 23, Issue 7,   Pages 1110-1126 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2100255

Abstract: This paper presents a group-based dynamic scheme intended for resistive random-access memory (ReRAM). Traditional static random-access memory, dynamic random-access memory, NAND, and NOR flash memory are limited by their scalability, power, package density, and so forth. Next-generation memory types like ReRAMs are considered to have various advantages such as high package density, non-volatility, scalability, and low power consumption, but has been a problem. Unreliable memory operation is caused by permanent stuck-at faults due to extensive use of write- or memory-intensive workloads. An increased number of stuck-at faults also prematurely limit chip lifetime. Therefore, a cellular automaton (CA) based dynamic stuck-at fault-tolerant design is proposed here to combat unreliable cell functioning and variable cell lifetime issues. A scalable, block-level fault diagnosis and recovery scheme is introduced to ensure readable data despite multi-bit stuck-at faults. The scheme is a novel approach because its goal is to remove all the restrictions on the number and nature of stuck-at faults in general fault conditions. The proposed scheme is based on Wolfram's null boundary and periodic boundary CA theory. Various special classes of CAs are introduced for 100% fault tolerance: (SACAs), (TACAs), and (MACAs). The target micro-architectural unit is designed with optimal space overhead.

Keywords： Resistive memory     Cell reliability     Stuck-at fault diagnosis     Single-length-cycle single-attractor cellular automata     Single-length-cycle two-attractor cellular automata     Single-length-cycle multiple-attractor cellular automata    

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Two-dimensional Controllable Cellular Automata BasedPseudo Random Bit Sequence Generator

Zhu Baoping,Ma Qian,Liu Fengyu

Strategic Study of CAE 2007, Volume 9, Issue 6,   Pages 43-47

Abstract:

A novel cellular automata (CA) — two-dimensional controllable CA — is proposed in this paper.  According to characteristics of two-dimensional controllable CA,  a pseudo random generating method based on two-dimensional controllable CA with a trapezoidal structure is presented.  Simulation demonstrates that pseudo random bit sequence generator based on the two-dimensional controllable CA with a trapezoidal structure is easily implemented,  and can generate high speed bit sequence and excellent statistical properties.  This novel CA is widely used in symmetrical cryptography.

Keywords： cellular automata     pseudorandom number generators     controllable     cryptography    

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Indeterminacy Causal Inductive Automatic Reasoning Mechanism Based On Fuzzy State Describing

Yang Bingru,Tang Jing

Strategic Study of CAE 2000, Volume 2, Issue 5,   Pages 44-50

Abstract:

New framework of knowledge representation of fuzzy language field and fuzzy language value structure is shown in this paper. Then the generalized cell automation that can synthetically process fuzzy indeterminacy and random indeterminacy and the generalized inductive logic causal model are brought forward. On this basis, the new logic indeterminate causal inductive automatic reasoning mechanism which is based on fuzzy state describing is brought forward. At the end of this paper its application in the development of intelligent controller is discussed.

Keywords： language field     language value structure     generalized cell automation     generalized inductive logic causal model     automatic reasoning     intelligent controller    

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Nanoscale cryptographic architecture design using quantum-dot cellular automata Regular Article

Bikash Debnath, Jadav Chandra Das, Debashis De,dr.debashis.de@gmail.com

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2019, Volume 20, Issue 11,   Pages 1578-1586 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1800458

Abstract: based on cryptography is a new paradigm in the field of nanotechnology. The overall performance of QCA is high compared to traditional complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. To achieve data security during nanocommunication, a cryptography-based application is proposed. The devised circuit encrypts the input data and passes it to an output channel through a cum data path selector, where the data is decrypted back to its original form. The results along with theoretical implication prove the accuracy of the circuit. Power dissipation and circuit complexity of the circuit have been analyzed.

Keywords： 量子点元胞自动机（QCA）；多数决定门密码学；加密；解密；纳米级路由    

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Reversible binary subtractor design using quantumdot-cellular automata Article

Jadav Chandra DAS, Debashis DE

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2017, Volume 18, Issue 9,   Pages 1416-1429 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1600999

Abstract: In the field of nanotechnology, quantum dot-cellular automata(QCA) is the promising archetype that can provide an alternative solutionto conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuit.QCA has high device density, high operating speed, and extremely lowpower consumption. Reversible logic has widespread applications inQCA. Researchers have explored several designs of QCA-based reversiblelogic circuits, but still not much work has been reported on QCA-basedreversible binary subtractors. The low power dissipation and highcircuit density of QCA pledge the energy-efficient design of logiccircuit at a nano-scale level. However, the necessity of too manylogic gates and detrimental garbage outputs may limit the functionalityof a QCA-based logic circuit. In this paper we describethe design and implementation of a DG gate in QCA. The universal natureof the DG gate has been established. The QCA building block of theDG gate is used to achieve new reversible binary subtractors. Theproposed reversible subtractors have low quantum cost and garbageoutputs compared to the existing reversible subtractors. The proposedcircuits are designed and simulated using QCA Designer-2.0.3.

Keywords： Quantum dot-cellular automata (QCA)     Reversible logic     DG gate     Binary subtractor     Quantum cost    

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A Multi-agent Model Based on Cellular Automata for Simulating Human Behavior to Assess Building Design

Fang Weifeng,Yang Lizhong,Huang Rui

Strategic Study of CAE 2003, Volume 5, Issue 3,   Pages 67-71

Abstract:

In recent years, Cellular Automata (CA) micro-simulation has emerged as an effective technique for modeling traffic flow and achieved a lot of success. But the human movement and occupant evacuation are much more complex than traffic flow. It is necessary for us to consider more human behavior characteristics if try to apply the model in practice. For the advantages of agent in simulating human intelligence, a multi-agent model based on CA is presented which focuses on simulating the human behavior and the effect on human by building structure. In the model, people are represented by agents and they move over the network which is represented by a lattice of cells. Agents can perceive the local environment and chcx)se their moving direction autonomously. In order to simulate human movement in very complex structure building the acquainting and evacuating states based on the ideas of artificial life are introduced and that is proved successful in simulation. Using this model the effect of the building structure on human behavior can be studied and the performance of building design can be assessed.

Keywords： Cellular automata model     multi-agent     human behavior     performance-based design    

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A creative concept for designing and simulating quaternary logic gates in quantum-dot cellular automata Research Articles

Alireza Navidi, Reza Sabbaghi-Nadooshan, Massoud Dousti,alireza.navidi@srbiau.ac.ir,r_sabbaghi@iauctb.ac.ir,m_dousti@srbiau.ac.ir

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2021, Volume 22, Issue 11,   Pages 1441-1550 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2000590

Abstract: New technologies such as have been showing some remarkable characteristics that standard complementary-metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) in deep sub-micron cannot afford. Modeling systems and designing multiple-valued logic gates with QCA have advantages that facilitate the design of complicated logic circuits. In this paper, we propose a novel creative concept for . The concept has been set in , the new simulator developed by our team exclusively for QCAs’ quaternary mode. Proposed basic gates such as MIN, MAX, and different types of inverters (SQI, PQI, NQI, and IQI) have been designed and verified by . This study will exemplify how fast and accurately works by its handy set of CAD tools. A 1×4 decoder is presented using our proposed main gates. Preference points such as the minimum delay, area, and complexity have been achieved in this work. QQCA main logic gates are compared with based on carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNFET). The results show that the proposed design is more efficient in terms of latency and energy consumption.

Keywords： 量子点细胞自动机（QCA）；四值逻辑；量子点细胞自动模拟器（QCASim）；四值QCA（QQCA）；四值译码器；四值门    

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Nano-design of ultra-efficient reversible block based on quantum-dot cellular automata Research Article

Seyed Sajad AHMADPOUR, Nima Jafari NAVIMIPOUR, Mohammad MOSLEH, Senay YALCIN

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2023, Volume 24, Issue 3,   Pages 447-456 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2200095

Abstract: has recently gained significant interest due to its inherent ability to reduce , which is the primary need for low-power digital circuits. One of the newest areas of relevant study is , which has applications in many areas, including , DNA computing, quantum computing, fault tolerance, and low-power complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS). An electrical circuit is classified as reversible if it has an equal number of inputs and outputs, and a one-to-one relationship. A reversible circuit is conservative if the EXOR of the inputs and the EXOR of the outputs are equivalent. In addition, is one of the state-of-the-art approaches that can be used as an alternative to traditional technologies. Hence, we propose an efficient conservative gate with low power demand and high speed in this paper. First, we present a called ANG (Ahmadpour Navimipour Gate). Then, two non-resistant QCA ANG and reversible fault-tolerant ANG structures are implemented in QCA technology. The suggested is realized through the . Subsequently, reversible fault-tolerant ANG is implemented by the 2DW clocking scheme. Furthermore, the power consumption of the suggested ANG is assessed under different energy ranges (0.5Ek, 1.0Ek, and 1.5Ek). Simulations of the structures and analysis of their power consumption are performed using QCADesigner 2.0.03 and QCAPro software. The proposed gate shows great improvements compared to recent designs.

Keywords： Nanotechnology     Reversible logic     Energy dissipation     Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA)     Reversible gate     Miller algorithm    

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Introducing scalable 1-bit full adders for designing quantum-dot cellular automata arithmetic circuits Research Article

Hamideh KHAJEHNASIR-JAHROMI, Pooya TORKZADEH, Massoud DOUSTI,p-torkzadeh@srbiau.ac.ir,h.khajehnasir@srbiau.ac.ir,m_dousti@srbiau.ac.ir

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2022, Volume 23, Issue 8,   Pages 1264-1276 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2100287

Abstract: Designing logic circuits using complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology at the nano scale has been faced with various challenges recently. Undesirable leakage currents, the short-effect channel, and high energy dissipation are some of the concerns. represent an appropriate alternative for possible CMOS replacement in the future because it consumes an insignificant amount of energy compared to the standard CMOS. The key point of designing arithmetic circuits is based on the structure of a 1-bit . A low-complexity block is beneficial for developing various intricate structures. This paper represents scalable 1-bit QCA structures based on cell interaction. Our proposed s encompass preference aspects of QCA design, such as a low number of cells used, low latency, and small area occupation. Also, the proposed structures have been expanded to larger circuits, including a 4-bit , a 4-bit ripple borrow subtractor (RBS), an , and a 2-bit array . All designs were simulated and verified using QCA Designer-E version 2.2. This tool can estimate the energy dissipation as well as evaluate the performance of the circuits. Simulation results showed that the proposed designs are efficient in complexity, area, latency, cost, and energy dissipation.

Keywords： Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA)     Full adder     Ripple carry adder (RCA)     Add/sub circuit     Multiplier    

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Research on Multi-level Software Rejuvenationof Computing System

You Jing,Xu Jian,Li Qianmu, Liu Fengyu

Strategic Study of CAE 2007, Volume 9, Issue 2,   Pages 36-37

Abstract:

Recently,the phenomenon of software aging,one in which error conditions actually accrue with time and/or load,has been observed. To counteract software aging, which can cause outages resulting in high costs,a proactive restart technique called software rejuvenation is proposed and the rejuvenation cost is analyzed.In order to reduce the rejuvenation cost and improve software availability and reliability further, rejuvenation granularity should be finer than before. Therefore a fine-grained proactive technique——multilevel software rejuvenation is put forward. Firstly, the degradation law of system performance can be determined by analyzing the occupation and wastage of system resources. Based on the law and the software architecture,the two software rejuvenation policies, i.e. time-based multilevel software rejuvenation policy and detection-based multilevel software rejuvenation policy, can be drafted, and the rejuvenation granularity can be determined. Their formal description of policies is given by finite-state automaton. Finally, the entire process is illustrated with a web service case. This paper provides a case to illustrate the process, and the simulation results of the case show that the multilevel software rejuvenation policy can reduce the MTTR and rejuvenation cost further, comparing with the only system-level software rejuvenation. As a consequence,the system availability and reliability are enhanced.

Keywords： source filter     neural network     hysteresis comparator    

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Low-power, high-speed, and area-efficient sequential circuits by quantum-dot cellular automata: T-latch and counter study Research Article

Mohammad GHOLAMI, Zaman AMIRZADEH

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2023, Volume 24, Issue 3,   Pages 457-469 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2200361

Abstract:

cellular automata (QCA)%29&ck%5B%5D=abstract&ck%5B%5D=keyword'> is a new nanotechnology for the implementation of nano-sized digital circuits. This nanotechnology is remarkable in terms of speed, area, and power consumption compared to complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology and can significantly improve the design of various logic circuits. We propose a new method for implementing a in QCA technology in this paper. The proposed method uses the intrinsic features of QCA in timing and clock phases, and therefore, the proposed cell structure is less occupied and less power-consuming than existing implementation methods. In the proposed , compared to previous best designs, reductions of 6.45% in area occupation and 44.49% in power consumption were achieved. In addition, for the first time, a reset-based and a with set and reset capabilities are designed. Using the proposed , a new 3-bit is developed which reduces 2.14% cell numbers compared to the best of previous designs. Moreover, based on the 3-bit , a 4-bit is designed, which reduces 0.51% cell numbers and 4.16% cross-section area compared to previous designs. In addition, two selective s are introduced to count from 0 to 5 and from 2 to 5. Simulations were performed using and tools in coherence vector engine mode. The proposed circuits are compared with related designs in terms of delay, cell numbers, area, and leakage power.

Keywords： Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA)     Quantum-dot     T-latch     T-flip-flop     Counter     Selective counter     QCADesigner     QCAPro    

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Evacuation Analysis of a Large Shopping Mall

Song Weiguo,Yu Yanfei,Zhang Heping

Strategic Study of CAE 2005, Volume 7, Issue 10,   Pages 78-83

Abstract:

Along with the development of the society, it flows out more and more high-rise, underground and large-space buildings, of which the fire protection designs are sometimes beyond the requirements of existing national fire protection codes of China. Therefore, the performance-based fire protection design of buildings has been getting more and more chances of application. Evacuation analysis is one of the key problems in the performance-based design. In this paper, the performance-based design of a large shopping mall is introduced, and a cellular automata (CA) based evacuation model, i.e. the CAFE model is used to analyze the efficiency of evacuation. Because the interactions among pedestrians and those between pedestrians and environment are quantified in CAFE model, the values of evacuation time obtained through the model are slightly larger than those of an evacuation software, Simulex, indicating that the CAFE model is to some extent more conservative and the analysis results are with higher reliability.

Keywords： evacuation     performance-based design     cellular automata    

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A matrix-based static approach to analysis of finite state machines Research Article

He DENG, Yongyi YAN, Zengqiang CHEN,yyyan@mail.nankai.edu.cn

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2022, Volume 23, Issue 8,   Pages 1239-1246 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2100561

Abstract: Traditional matrix-based approaches in the field of construct state transition matrices, and then use the powers of the state transition matrices to represent corresponding dynamic transition processes, which are cornerstones of system analysis. In this study, we propose a static matrix-based approach that revisits a finite state machine from its structure rather than its dynamic transition process, thus avoiding the "explosion of complexity" problem inherent in the existing approaches. Based on the static approach, we reexamine the issues of closed-loop detection and controllability for deterministic . In addition, we propose controllable equivalent form and minimal controllable equivalent form concepts and give corresponding algorithms.

Keywords： Logical systems     Finite-valued systems     Semi-tensor product of matrices     Finite state machines     Matrix approaches    

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A Self-adaptive Automatic Program Designand Application in Vending Machine

Yu Shiming,Ding Guozheng,Liu Lifeng

Strategic Study of CAE 2007, Volume 9, Issue 11,   Pages 147-150

Abstract:

To deal with program fault, the method is usually to report them with return-value or emergency.  But, when the program fault emerges in the state-orient model, how to make the program return to the state the fault point belong to or take further corresponding actions, the return-value or emergency can't do. In order to realize processing the fault automatically, this article presents automatic program design with uniting combined coding and state redundant design, and proposes its frame model and algorithm. The model is used for decreasing faults of state-switch("prevent" ) and increasing capability of fault-restore("cure" ). At last, part of the results presented in this paper are applied to a vending machine project and the tests show that the results are satisfactory.

Keywords： self-adaptive     state redundant design     automatic program design     fault-restore     vending machine    

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Title Author Date Type Operation

State space optimization of finite state machines from the viewpoint of control theory

Jumei Yue, Yongyi Yan, Zengqiang Chen, He Deng,yjm@mail.nankai.edu.cn,yyyan@mail.nankai.edu.cn

Journal Article

Cellular automata based multi-bit stuck-at fault diagnosis for resistive memory

Sutapa SARKAR, Biplab Kumar SIKDAR, Mousumi SAHA

Journal Article

Two-dimensional Controllable Cellular Automata BasedPseudo Random Bit Sequence Generator

Zhu Baoping,Ma Qian,Liu Fengyu

Journal Article

Indeterminacy Causal Inductive Automatic Reasoning Mechanism Based On Fuzzy State Describing

Yang Bingru,Tang Jing

Journal Article

Nanoscale cryptographic architecture design using quantum-dot cellular automata

Bikash Debnath, Jadav Chandra Das, Debashis De,dr.debashis.de@gmail.com

Journal Article

Reversible binary subtractor design using quantumdot-cellular automata

Jadav Chandra DAS, Debashis DE

Journal Article

A Multi-agent Model Based on Cellular Automata for Simulating Human Behavior to Assess Building Design

Fang Weifeng,Yang Lizhong,Huang Rui

Journal Article

A creative concept for designing and simulating quaternary logic gates in quantum-dot cellular automata

Alireza Navidi, Reza Sabbaghi-Nadooshan, Massoud Dousti,alireza.navidi@srbiau.ac.ir,r_sabbaghi@iauctb.ac.ir,m_dousti@srbiau.ac.ir

Journal Article

Nano-design of ultra-efficient reversible block based on quantum-dot cellular automata

Seyed Sajad AHMADPOUR, Nima Jafari NAVIMIPOUR, Mohammad MOSLEH, Senay YALCIN

Journal Article

Introducing scalable 1-bit full adders for designing quantum-dot cellular automata arithmetic circuits

Hamideh KHAJEHNASIR-JAHROMI, Pooya TORKZADEH, Massoud DOUSTI,p-torkzadeh@srbiau.ac.ir,h.khajehnasir@srbiau.ac.ir,m_dousti@srbiau.ac.ir

Journal Article

Research on Multi-level Software Rejuvenationof Computing System

You Jing,Xu Jian,Li Qianmu, Liu Fengyu

Journal Article

Low-power, high-speed, and area-efficient sequential circuits by quantum-dot cellular automata: T-latch and counter study

Mohammad GHOLAMI, Zaman AMIRZADEH

Journal Article

Evacuation Analysis of a Large Shopping Mall

Song Weiguo,Yu Yanfei,Zhang Heping

Journal Article

A matrix-based static approach to analysis of finite state machines

He DENG, Yongyi YAN, Zengqiang CHEN,yyyan@mail.nankai.edu.cn

Journal Article

A Self-adaptive Automatic Program Designand Application in Vending Machine

Yu Shiming,Ding Guozheng,Liu Lifeng

Journal Article