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Microwave metamaterials: from exotic physics to novel information systems Review Articles

Rui-yuan WU, Tie-jun CUI

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2020, Volume 21, Issue 1,   Pages 4-26 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1900465

Abstract: Metamaterials and metasurfaces have attracted much attention due to their powerful ability to control electromagnetic (EM) waves. In this paper, we review the recent developments in the field of EM metamaterials, starting from their exotic physics to their applications in novel information systems. First, we show the fundamental understanding on traditional metamaterials based on the effective medium theory and related applications, such as invisibility cloaks and meta-lenses. Second, we review the two-dimensional versions of metamaterials, i.e., metasurfaces, for controlling spatial waves and surface waves and thereafter present their typical designs. In particular, we briefly introduce spoof surface plasmon polaritons and their applications in microwave frequencies. Following the above approach, we emphatically present the concepts of digital coding metamaterials, programmable metamaterials, and information metamaterials. By extending the principles of information science to metamaterial designs, several functional devices and information systems are presented, which enable digital and EM-wave manipulations simultaneously. Finally, we give a brief summary of the development prospects for microwave metamaterials.

Keywords： Metamaterial     Effective medium theory     Metasurface     Surface plasmon polaritons     Digital coding     Programmable     Information    

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Fabrication of superhydrophobic SiO2/PS coatings on wood surface

Zhang Ming and Wang Chengyu

Strategic Study of CAE 2014, Volume 16, Issue 4,   Pages 83-86

Abstract:

The silica particles with unique morphology and hydrophobicity have been synthesized via a one-step sol-gel process，which as well as polystyrene was employed in the bionic and stably superhydrophobic coatings with water contact angle of 153° and sliding angle less than 5° on wood surface by a drop-coating method. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies revealed that the composite coatings possess two dimensional hierarchical structures comprising of micron scale papilla and submicron scale granules. The synergistic effect of micron/submicron binary structure and low surface energy layer was responsible for the superhydrophobicity of wood surface. Moreover，the stability and durability of treated wood have been investigated as well，and the results showed that the product possesses superhydrophobic property in a wide extent，such as pure water，corrosive water under both acidic and basic conditions，some common organic solvents，which offers an opportunity to extend the range of practical applications for wood resources.

Keywords： superhydrophobic     wood surface     drop-coating method     composite coatings    

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Super-Resolution Displacement Spectroscopic Sensing over a Surface “Rainbow” Article

Lyu Zhou, Nan Zhang, Chang Chieh Hsu, Matthew Singer, Xie Zeng, Yizheng Li, Haomin Song, Josep Jornet, Yun Wu, Qiaoqiang Gan

Engineering 2022, Volume 17, Issue 10,   Pages 75-81 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.03.018

Abstract:

Subwavelength manipulation of light waves with high precision can enable new and exciting applications in spectroscopy, sensing, and medical imaging. For these applications, miniaturized spectrometers are desirable to enable the on-chip analysis of spectral information. In particular, for imaging-based spectroscopic sensing mechanisms, the key challenge is to determine the spatial-shift information accurately (i.e., the spatial displacement introduced by wavelength shift or biological or chemical surface binding), which is similar to the challenge presented by super-resolution imaging. Here, we report a unique “rainbow” trapping metasurface for on-chip spectrometers and sensors. Combined with super-resolution image processing, the low-setting 4× optical microscope system resolves a displacement of the resonant position within 35 nm on the plasmonic rainbow trapping metasurface with a tiny area as small as 0.002 mm2. This unique feature of the spatial manipulation of efficiently coupled rainbow plasmonic resonances reveals a new platform for miniaturized on-chip spectroscopic analysis with a spectral resolution of 0.032 nm in wavelength shift. Using this low-setting 4× microscope imaging system, we demonstrate a biosensing resolution of 1.92 × 109 exosomes per milliliter for A549-derived exosomes and distinguish between patient samples and healthy controls using exosomal epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression values, thereby demonstrating a new on-chip sensing system for personalized accurate bio/chemical sensing applications.

Keywords： Rainbow trapping     Metasurface     Surface plasmon polaritons     Super-resolution displacement     On-chip biosensing    

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Dispersion-engineered wideband low-profile metasurface antennas Review Articles

Wei E. I. LIU, Zhi Ning CHEN, Xianming QING

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2020, Volume 21, Issue 1,   Pages 27-38 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1900473

Abstract: A metasurface (MTS) can be characterized in terms of dispersion properties of guided waves and surface waves. By engineering the rich dispersion relations, setting particular boundary conditions, and selecting proper excitation schemes, multiple adjacent resonance modes can be excited to realize the wideband operation of low-profile MTS antennas. We introduce the op-erating principles of typical dispersion-engineered MTS antennas, and review the recent progress in dispersion-engineered MTS antenna technology. The miniaturization, circular polarization, beam-scanning, and other functionalities of MTS antennas are discussed. The recent development of MTS antennas has not only provided promising solutions to the wideband and low-profile antenna design but also proven great potential of MTS in developing innovative antenna technologies.

Keywords： Metasurface antenna     Dispersion engineering     Composite right/left-handed (CRLH)     Guided wave     Surface wave     Wideband     Low profile    

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Metamaterials: Reshape and Rethink Review

Ruopeng Liu, Chunlin Ji, Zhiya Zhao, Tian Zhou

Engineering 2015, Volume 1, Issue 2,   Pages 179-184 doi: 10.15302/J-ENG-2015036

Abstract:

Metamaterials are composite materials whose material properties (acoustic, electrical, magnetic, or optical, etc.) are determined by their constitutive structural materials, especially the unit cells. The development of metamaterials continues to redefine the boundaries of materials science. In the field of electromagnetic research and beyond, these materials offer excellent design flexibility with their customized properties and their tunability under external stimuli. In this paper, we first provide a literature review of metamaterials with a focus on the technology and its evolution. We then discuss steps in the industrialization process and share our own experience.

Keywords： metamaterials     metasurface     smart structure     metadevices     industrialization    

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Graphene-metasurface for wide-incident-angle terahertz absorption Research

Ri-hui Xiong, Xiao-qing Peng, Jiu-sheng Li,lijsh2008@126.com

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2021, Volume 22, Issue 3,   Pages 287-436 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2000079

Abstract: We demonstrate a structure for tunable wide-incident-angle terahertz wave absorption, which involves depositing planar arrays of on a silicon dioxide substrate. We also discuss how the graphene Fermi-level layer and various substrates affect the absorption characteristics. The absorption of the proposed is above 80% at an incident angle of 0°–60° in frequencies ranging from 0.82 to 2.0 THz. Our results will be very beneficial in the application of terahertz wave communications and biomedical imaging/sensing systems.

Keywords： 石墨烯超表面；太赫兹吸收器；欧米伽形石墨烯图案    

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A Smart Metasurface for Electromagnetic Manipulation Based on Speech Recognition Article

Lin Bai, Yuan Ke Liu, Liang Xu, Zheng Zhang, Qiang Wang, Wei Xiang Jiang, Cheng-Wei Qiu, Tie Jun Cui

Engineering 2023, Volume 22, Issue 3,   Pages 185-190 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.06.026

Abstract:

In this work, we propose and realize a smart metasurface for programming electromagnetic (EM) manipulations based on human speech recognition. The smart metasurface platform is composed of a digital coding metasurface, a speech-recognition module, a single-chip computer, and a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuit, and can control EM waves according to pre-stored voice commands in a smart way. The constructed digital metasurface contains 6 × 6 super unit cells, each of which consists of 4 × 4 active elements with embedded varactor diodes. Together with the DAC and single-chip computer, the speech-recognition module can recognize voice commands and generate corresponding voltage sequences to control the metasurface. In addition, a genetic algorithm (GA) is adopted in the design of the metasurface for efficiently optimizing the phase distributions. To verify the performance of the smart metasurface platform, three typical functions are demonstrated: radar cross-section reduction, vortex beam generation, and beam splitting. The proposed strategy may offer a new avenue for controlling EM waves and establishing a link between EM and acoustic communications.

Keywords： Speech recognition     Programmable metasurface     Genetic algorithm     Smart electromagnetic manipulation    

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High-Speed Parallel Plasmonic Direct-Writing Nanolithography Using Metasurface-Based Plasmonic Lens Article

Yueqiang Hu, Ling Li, Rong Wang, Jian Song, Hongdong Wang, Huigao Duan, Jiaxin Ji, Yonggang Meng

Engineering 2021, Volume 7, Issue 11,   Pages 1623-1630 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.08.019

Abstract:

Simple and efficient nanofabrication technology with low cost and high flexibility is indispensable for fundamental nanoscale research and prototyping. Lithography in the near field using the surface plasmon polariton (i.e., plasmonic lithography) provides a promising solution. The system with high stiffness passive nanogap control strategy on a high-speed rotating substrate is one of the most attractive high-throughput methods. However, a smaller and steadier plasmonic nanogap, new scheme of plasmonic lens, and parallel processing should be explored to achieve a new generation high resolution and reliable efficient nanofabrication. Herein, a parallel plasmonic direct-writing nanolithography system is established in which a novel plasmonic flying head is systematically designed to achieve  around 15 nm minimum flying-height with high parallelism at the rotating speed of 8–18 m•s−1. A multi-stage metasurface-based polarization insensitive plasmonic lens is proposed to couple more power and realize a more confined spot compared with conventional plasmonic lenses. Parallel lithography of the nanostructures with the smallest ( around 26 nm) linewidth is obtained with the prototyping system. The proposed system holds great potential for high- freedom nanofabrication with low cost, such as planar optical elements and nano-electromechanical systems.

Keywords： Nanofabrication     Surface plasmon polariton     Lithography     Plasmonic flying head     Plasmonic lens    

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Performance enhancement for antipodal Vivaldi antenna modulated by a high-permittivity metasurface lens Research Article

Shaopeng Pan, Mingtuan Lin, Lin Qi, Pan Chen, Yang Feng, Gaosheng Li,Gaosheng7070@vip.163.com

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2021, Volume 22, Issue 12,   Pages 1551-1684 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2100139

Abstract: A metasurface unit is designed operating at 2–20 GHz to enhance the gain and radiation performance of an . The unit has a simple structure, stable performance, high permittivity, and can independently modulate two polarization modes electromagnetic waves. We analyze the current distribution on the unit and extract equivalent characteristic parameters to verify the ability of independent modulation on two polarization modes electromagnetic waves. The designed metasurface unit is integrated into the aperture of the AVA and forms the for guiding the propagation of electromagnetic waves. Two types of ML are proposed and integrated into the AVA to design antennas Ant1 and Ant2. The modulation effect of the lens on the electromagnetic wave is analyzed from the perspective of electric field amplitude and phase, and the final design is obtained. From the optimized design results, the AVA and the proposed Ant2 are fabricated and measured, and the measurement results are in good agreement with the simulation ones. The impedance bandwidth measured by Ant2 basically covers the 2–18 GHz frequency band. Compared with the conventional AVA, the gain of the proposed Ant2 is increased by 0.6–3.7 dB, the sidelobe level is significantly reduced, and the directivity has also been clearly improved.

Keywords： 对跖Vivaldi天线；超宽带；高介电常数；双极化；超表面透镜    

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Investigation and Development Status of the Application Technology to Improve Fatigue Behavior of High Strength Alloys

Zhao Zhenye

Strategic Study of CAE 2005, Volume 7, Issue 3,   Pages 90-94

Abstract:

Investigation and development status of the surface integrity application technology to improve fatigue behavior of high strength aluminium alloy, titanium alloy and ultra-high strength steels is reviewed. Fatigue behavior of the high strength alloys mentioned above is sensitive to surface stress concentration, as that in the case of a reduction in the surface integrity, their fatigue stress and stress corrosion property are reduced heavily by surface residual tensile stress and damage caused by abusive final mechanical processes such as grind, particularly the machining heat which occurs during machining practice. Some advanced mechanical treatments in surface integrity make an outstanding improvement on fatigue behavior of the high strength alloys. For example an increase of about 89% , in the tensile-tensile fatigue life for laser-shocked 7475-T761 specimens and an improvement in da/dN of about 1500 times for laser-shocked 7070-T76 specimens were obtained. Ultrasonic shot peening resulted in low-cycle fatigue strength increase of about 50% for HP-310 grade ultra-high strength steel and about 15% for Ti7A14Mo in high-cycle. An advanced surface duplex hardening treatment caused also a 30 to 35-fold increase in contact fatigue life for vasco X-2 grade gear steel.

Keywords： high strength alloys     surface integrity     laser-shocking     surface duplex hardening    

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Integrated 60-GHz miniaturized wideband metasurface antenna in a GIPD process Research Articles

Hai-yang XIA, Jin-can HU, Tao ZHANG, Lian-ming LI, Fu-chun ZHENG

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2020, Volume 21, Issue 1,   Pages 174-181 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1900453

Abstract: We propose a miniaturized wideband metasurface antenna for 60-GHz antenna-in-package applications. With the glass integrated passive device manufacturing technology, we introduce a coplanar-waveguide-fed (CPW-fed) ring resonator to char-acterize the material properties of the glass substrate. The proposed antenna is designed on a high dielectric constant glass substrate to achieve antenna miniaturization. Because of the existence of gaps between patch units compared with the conventional rec-tangular patch in the TM10 mode, the radiation aperture of this proposed antenna is reduced. Located right above the center feeding CPW-fed bow-tie slot, the metasurface patch is realized, supporting the TM10 mode and antiphase TM20 mode simultaneously to improve the bandwidth performance. Using a probe-based antenna measurement setup, the antenna prototype is measured, demonstrating a 10-dB impedance bandwidth from 53.3 to 67 GHz. At 60 GHz, the antenna gain measured is about 5 dBi in the boresight direction with a compact radiation aperture of 0.31λ0×0.31λ0 and a thickness of 0.06λ0.

Keywords： 60 GHz     Antenna-in-package (AiP)     Coplanar-waveguide-fed (CPW-fed) ring resonators     Glass integrated passive device (GIPD)     Metasurface antenna     Miniaturized antenna    

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Prospects of Huygens’ Metasurfaces for Antenna Applications

George V. Eleftheriades, Minseok Kim, Vasileios G. Ataloglou, Ayman H. Dorrah

Engineering 2022, Volume 11, Issue 4,   Pages 21-26 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.05.011

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Ultra-Short Pulsed Laser Manufacturing and Surface Processing of Microdevices Review

Yongchao Yu, Shi Bai, Shutong Wang, Anming Hu

Engineering 2018, Volume 4, Issue 6,   Pages 779-786 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2018.10.004

Abstract:

Ultra-short laser pulses possess many advantages for materials processing. Ultrafast laser has a significantly low thermal effect on the areas surrounding the focal point; therefore, it is a promising tool for micro- and submicro-sized precision processing. In addition, the nonlinear multiphoton absorption phenomenon of focused ultra-short pulses provides a promising method for the fabrication of various structures on transparent material, such as glass and transparent polymers. A laser direct writing process was applied in the fabrication of high-performance three-dimensional (3D) structured multilayer microsupercapacitors (MSCs) on polymer substrates exhibiting a peak specific capacitance of 42.6 mF·cm–2 at a current density of 0.1 mA·cm–2. Furthermore, a flexible smart sensor array on a polymer substrate was fabricated for multi-flavor detection. Different surface treatments such as gold plating, reducedgraphene oxide (rGO) coating, and polyaniline (PANI) coating were accomplished for different measurement units. By applying principal component analysis (PCA), this sensing system showed a promising result for flavor detection. In addition, two-dimensional (2D) periodic metal nanostructures inside 3D glass microfluidic channels were developed by all-femtosecond-laser processing for real-time surfaceenhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The processing mechanisms included laser ablation, laser reduction, and laser-induced surface nano-engineering. These works demonstrate the attractive potential of ultra-short pulsed laser for surface precision manufacturing.

Keywords： Ultra-short pulsed laser processing     Microdevices     Supercapacitor     Electronic tongue     Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy    

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A Planar 4-Bit Reconfigurable Antenna Array Based on the Design Philosophy of Information Metasurfaces Article

Zheng Xing Wang, Hanqing Yang, Ruiwen Shao, Jun Wei Wu, Guobiao Liu, Feng Zhai, Qiang Cheng, Tie Jun Cui

Engineering 2022, Volume 17, Issue 10,   Pages 64-74 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.03.019

Abstract:

Inspired by the design philosophy of information metasurfaces based on the digital coding concept, a planar 4-bit reconfigurable antenna array with low profile of 0.15 λ0 (where λ0 is the wavelength) is presented. The array is based on a digital coding radiation element consisting of a 1-bit magnetoelectric (ME) dipole and a miniaturized reflection-type phase shifter (RTPS). The proposed 1-bit ME dipole can provide two digital states of “0” and “1” (with 0° and 180° phase responses) over a wide frequency band by individually exciting its two symmetrical feeding ports. The designed RTPS is able to realize a relative phase shift of 173°. By digitally quantizing its phase in the range of 157.5°, additional eight digital states at intervals of 22.5° are obtained. To achieve low sidelobe levels, a 1:16 power divider based on the Taylor line source method is employed to feed the array. A prototype of the proposed 4-bit antenna array has been fabricated and tested, and the experimental results are in good agreement with the simulations. Scanning beams within a ±45° range were measured with a maximum realized gain of 13.4 dBi at 12 GHz. The sidelobe and cross-polarization levels are below –14.3 and –23 dB, respectively. Furthermore, the beam pointing error is within 0.8°, and the 3-dB gain bandwidth of the broadside beam is 25%. Due to its outstanding performance, the array holds potential for significant applications in radar and wireless communication systems.

Keywords： 4-Bit reconfigurable antenna array     Information metasurface     Digital coding method     Low sidelobe     Low profile    

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Wavelength-selective wavefront shaping by metasurface Correspondence

Zixin CAI, Xin HE, Xin LIU, Shijie TU, Xinjie SUN, Paul BECKETT, Aditya DUBEY, Arnan MITCHELL, Guanghui REN, Xu LIU, Xiang HAO,xinhe.wins@outlook.com,guanghui.ren@rmit.edu.au,haox@zju.edu.cn

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2023, Volume 24, Issue 4,   Pages 617-625 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2200510

Abstract: 精确的、与波长相关的相位调制在许多领域中是必不可少的，比如超分辨成像、全彩色全息、微纳加工以及光通讯。这一要求很难通过单一的传统光学元件实现，一般需要使用多个光学元件组合完成。本文提出一种可以实现波长选择性波前整形的超表面设计方法。具体来说，本文设计了一种超表面，它能够对785 nm波长的光做涡旋相位调制，同时不影响590 nm波长的光保持原有相位分布。本文通过干涉仪以及对应点扩散函数的测量来验证不同波长下的波前分布。与已提出的空间复用方式以及色散工程的方法相比，我们提出的设计方法更加直接，优化难度小，适用于需要波长选择性编码的光学系统。本文所提平面光学器件对于需要波长选择性编码的光学系统具有重要应用意义。

Keywords： 超表面；波长选择性；涡旋光；波前整形    

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Title Author Date Type Operation

Microwave metamaterials: from exotic physics to novel information systems

Rui-yuan WU, Tie-jun CUI

Journal Article

Fabrication of superhydrophobic SiO2/PS coatings on wood surface

Zhang Ming and Wang Chengyu

Journal Article

Super-Resolution Displacement Spectroscopic Sensing over a Surface “Rainbow”

Lyu Zhou, Nan Zhang, Chang Chieh Hsu, Matthew Singer, Xie Zeng, Yizheng Li, Haomin Song, Josep Jornet, Yun Wu, Qiaoqiang Gan

Journal Article

Dispersion-engineered wideband low-profile metasurface antennas

Wei E. I. LIU, Zhi Ning CHEN, Xianming QING

Journal Article

Metamaterials: Reshape and Rethink

Ruopeng Liu, Chunlin Ji, Zhiya Zhao, Tian Zhou

Journal Article

Graphene-metasurface for wide-incident-angle terahertz absorption

Ri-hui Xiong, Xiao-qing Peng, Jiu-sheng Li,lijsh2008@126.com

Journal Article

A Smart Metasurface for Electromagnetic Manipulation Based on Speech Recognition

Lin Bai, Yuan Ke Liu, Liang Xu, Zheng Zhang, Qiang Wang, Wei Xiang Jiang, Cheng-Wei Qiu, Tie Jun Cui

Journal Article

High-Speed Parallel Plasmonic Direct-Writing Nanolithography Using Metasurface-Based Plasmonic Lens

Yueqiang Hu, Ling Li, Rong Wang, Jian Song, Hongdong Wang, Huigao Duan, Jiaxin Ji, Yonggang Meng

Journal Article

Performance enhancement for antipodal Vivaldi antenna modulated by a high-permittivity metasurface lens

Shaopeng Pan, Mingtuan Lin, Lin Qi, Pan Chen, Yang Feng, Gaosheng Li,Gaosheng7070@vip.163.com

Journal Article

Investigation and Development Status of the Application Technology to Improve Fatigue Behavior of High Strength Alloys

Zhao Zhenye

Journal Article

Integrated 60-GHz miniaturized wideband metasurface antenna in a GIPD process

Hai-yang XIA, Jin-can HU, Tao ZHANG, Lian-ming LI, Fu-chun ZHENG

Journal Article

Prospects of Huygens’ Metasurfaces for Antenna Applications

George V. Eleftheriades, Minseok Kim, Vasileios G. Ataloglou, Ayman H. Dorrah

Journal Article

Ultra-Short Pulsed Laser Manufacturing and Surface Processing of Microdevices

Yongchao Yu, Shi Bai, Shutong Wang, Anming Hu

Journal Article

A Planar 4-Bit Reconfigurable Antenna Array Based on the Design Philosophy of Information Metasurfaces

Zheng Xing Wang, Hanqing Yang, Ruiwen Shao, Jun Wei Wu, Guobiao Liu, Feng Zhai, Qiang Cheng, Tie Jun Cui

Journal Article

Wavelength-selective wavefront shaping by metasurface

Zixin CAI, Xin HE, Xin LIU, Shijie TU, Xinjie SUN, Paul BECKETT, Aditya DUBEY, Arnan MITCHELL, Guanghui REN, Xu LIU, Xiang HAO,xinhe.wins@outlook.com,guanghui.ren@rmit.edu.au,haox@zju.edu.cn

Journal Article