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Brown and beige fat: the metabolic function, induction, and therapeutic potential

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第2期页码 162-172 doi: 10.1007/s11684-015-0382-2

摘要：

Adipose tissue is an important organ for energy homeostasis. White adipose tissue stores energy in the form of triglycerides, whereas brown adipocytes and recently identified beige adipocytes are specialized in dissipating energy by thermogenesis or contribution to dispose glucose and clear triglycerides in blood. The inverse correlation between the brown adipose tissue activity and body mass suggests its protective role against body fat accumulation. Thus, recruitment and activation of brown or beige adipose tissue become particularly appealing targets for increasing energy expenditure. Angiogenesis and sympathetic nerve signals are the fundamental determinants for brown and beige adipose tissue development, as well as for their metabolic functions. Secretary factors including BMPs can induce the development, the activation of brown or beige adipose tissue, which seem to be promising for therapeutic development.

关键词： brown adipocyte beige adipocyte metabolism obesity

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Role of brown adipose tissue in metabolic syndrome, aging, and cancer cachexia

null

《医学前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第2期页码 130-138 doi: 10.1007/s11684-017-0555-2

摘要：

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a fundamental role in maintaining body temperature by producing heat. BAT that had been know to exist only in mammals and the human neonate has received great attention for the treatment of obesity and diabetes due to its important function in energy metabolism, ever since it is recently reported that human adults have functional BAT. In addition, beige adipocytes, brown adipocytes in white adipose tissue (WAT), have also been shown to take part in whole body metabolism. Multiple lines of evidence demonstrated that transplantation or activation of BAT or/and beige adipocytes reversed obesity and improved insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, many genes involved in BAT activation and/or the recruitment of beige cells have been found, thereby providing new promising strategies for future clinical application of BAT activation to treat obesity and metabolic diseases. This review focuses on recent advances of BAT function in the metabolic aspect and the relationship between BAT and cancer cachexia, a pathological process accompanied with decreased body weight and increased energy expenditure in cancer patients. The underlying possible mechanisms to reduce BAT mass and its activity in the elderly are also discussed.

关键词： brown adipose tissue beige adipocyte anti-obesity anti-diabetes cancer cachexia aging

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The role of microRNAs in adipocyte differentiation

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第2期页码 223-230 doi: 10.1007/s11684-013-0252-8

摘要：

Adipocytes differentiate from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in a process known as adipogenesis. The programme of adipogenesis is regulated by the sequential activation of transcription factors and several signaling pathways. There is growing evidence indicating that a class of small non-coding single-stranded RNAs known as “microRNAs (miRNAs)” also are involved in this process. In this review, we summarize the biology and functional mechanisms of miRNAs in adipocyte differentiation. In addition, we further discuss the miRNAs profiling, the miRNAs function and miRNAs target prediction in the adipogenesis.

关键词： microRNA adipocyte differentiation adipogenesis

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深部矿产资源开采与利用中的挑战

蔡美峰,Brown Edwin T.

《工程（英文）》 2017年第3卷第4期页码 432-433 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2017.04.027

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澳大利亚未来的导航定位技术

Nicholas Brown, John Dawson, Ryan Ruddick

《工程（英文）》 2020年第6卷第8期页码 857-859 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.07.012

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一种去除地表水中的磷的浮岛处理系统 Article

Brown, Treavor Boyer, R.J. Sindelar, Sam Arden, Amar Persaud, Sherry Brandt-Williams

《工程（英文）》 2018年第4卷第5期页码 597-609 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2018.08.002

摘要：

本研究旨在设计、建造和测试一个中试规模的浮动模块化处理系统，并用以对美国佛罗里达州中部富营养化湖泊中的总磷（TP）进行去除。该处理系统由生物和物理-化学处理模块组成。用多种底物和水生大型植物组合构建了13种不同的中宇宙实验（mesocosm），分别测试了总磷（TP）和正磷（PO₄
³⁻）的去除率及潜在的区域去除率。此外本研究对7 种吸附介质进行了小型杯罐实验和柱实验，并对3种商业树脂进行了吸附能力的测试。完成这些独立的测试过程后，在佛罗里达中部的一个湖泊中，设计了一个浮岛处理系统（FITS）并运行了8个月。中宇宙实验对磷的平均去除率为40%~50%，平均去除量为5.0 g·m^–2·a^–1。其中沉水植物（SAV）系统和藻类洗涤器（AGS）效果最好，分别去除了20 mg·m^–2·d^–1和50 mg·m^–2·d^–1的磷，它们对磷的平均去除量分别为5.5 g·m^–2·a^–1和12.0 g·m^–2·a^–1。在吸附介质中，明矾渣（AR）的性能最佳，接触5 min 后，PO₄³⁻浓度降低了75% 左右。在所测试的商品树脂中，PhosX 树脂的去除效果最好，在30 min后去除了约40%的磷，60 min后去除了约60%的磷。在基线运行条件下展开实验，FITS 对PO₄³⁻的平均去除率为53%；使用PO₄³⁻去除率的第50百分位和第90百分位以及FITS的环境足迹进行评价，结果表明系统的去除率分别为56%和86%；区域磷去除率在8.9~16.5 g·m–2·a–1之间。

关键词：除磷湖泊生态系统浮岛处理

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Effect of interface adhesion factor on the bearing capacity of strip footing placed on cohesive soil overlying rock mass

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第6期页码 1494-1503 doi: 10.1007/s11709-021-0768-y

摘要： The problem related to bearing capacity of footing either on pure soil or on pure rock mass has been investigated over the years. Currently, no study deals with the bearing capacity of strip footing on a cohesive soil layer overlying rock mass. Therefore, by implementing the lower bound finite element limit analysis in conjunction with the second-order cone programming and the power cone programming, the ultimate bearing capacity of a strip footing located on a cohesive soil overlying rock mass is determined in this study. By considering the different values of interface adhesion factor (α_cr) between the cohesive soil and rock mass, the ultimate bearing capacity of strip footing is expressed in terms of influence factor (I_f) for different values of cohesive soil layer cover ratio (T_cs/B). The failure of cohesive soil is modeled by using Mohr−Coulomb yield criterion, whereas Generalized Hoek−Brown yield criterion is utilized to model the rock mass at failure. The variations ofI_f with different magnitudes of α_cr are studied by considering the influence of the rock mass strength parameters of beneath rock mass layer. To examine stress distribution at different depths, failure patterns are also plotted.

关键词： bearing capacity soil-rock interface Hoek−Brown yield criterion plasticity limit analysis

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A DNA sensor based on upconversion nanoparticles and two-dimensional dichalcogenide materials

El-Sagheer, Tom Brown, Otto L. Muskens, Antonios G. Kanaras

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第4期页码 935-943 doi: 10.1007/s11705-020-2023-9

摘要： We demonstrate the fabrication of a new DNA sensor that is based on the optical interactions occurring between oligonucleotide-coated NaYF : Yb ; Er upconversion nanoparticles and the two-dimensional dichalcogenide materials, MoS and WS . Monodisperse upconversion nanoparticles were functionalized with single-stranded DNA endowing the nanoparticles with the ability to interact with the surface of the two-dimensional materials via van der Waals interactions leading to subsequent quenching of the upconversion fluorescence. By contrast, in the presence of a complementary oligonucleotide target and the formation of double-stranded DNA, the upconversion nanoparticles could not interact with MoS and WS , thus retaining their inherent fluorescence properties. Utilizing this sensor we were able to detect target oligonucleotides with high sensitivity and specificity whilst reaching a concentration detection limit as low as 5 fmol·L , within minutes.

关键词： upconversion nanoparticles DNA sensor two-dimensional materials MoS₂ WS₂

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Effect of undercut on the lower bound stability of vertical rock escarpment using finite element and power cone programming

Shuvankar DAS; Debarghya CHAKRABORTY

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第8期页码 1040-1055 doi: 10.1007/s11709-022-0841-1

摘要： In the present study, the stability of a vertical rock escarpment is determined by considering the influence of undercut. Lower bound finite element limit analysis in association with Power Cone Programming (PCP) is applied to incorporate the failure of rock mass with the help of the Generalized Hoek-Brown yield criterion. The change in stability due to the presence of undercut is expressed in terms of a non-dimensional stability number (σ_ci/γH). The variations of the magnitude of σ_ci/γH are presented as design charts by considering the different magnitudes of undercut offset (H/v_u and w_u/v_u) from the vertical edge and different magnitudes of Hoek-Brown rock mass strength parameters (Geological Strength Index (GSI), rock parameter (m_i,), Disturbance factor (D)). The obtained results indicate that undercut can cause a severe stability problem in rock mass having poor strength. With the help of regression analysis of the computed results, a simplified design equation is proposed for obtaining σ_ci/γH. By performing sensitivity analysis for an undisturbed vertical rock escarpment, we have found that the undercut height ratio (H/v_u) is the most sensitive parameter followed by GSI, undercut shape ratio (w_u/v_u), and m_i. The developed design equation as well as design charts can be useful for practicing engineers to determine the stability of the vertical rock escarpment in the presence of undercut. Failure patterns are also presented to understand type of failure and extent of plastic state during collapse.

关键词： undercut vertical escarpment stability Hoek-Brown yield criterion PCP

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硫化氢促进脂肪细胞分化、增生和肥大 Article

Richa Verma, 傅明, 杨广东, 吴凌云, 王睿

《工程（英文）》 2023年第20卷第1期页码 36-48 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.09.010

摘要：

硫化氢（H₂S）在脂肪细胞和脂肪组织中内源性产生并刺激脂肪形成。然而，H₂S 对肥胖症发展的综合致病作用及其潜在机制尚不清楚。本研究发现降低的内源性H₂S水平降低了小鼠脂肪细胞中的脂质积累。在脂肪形成诱导6 d 后，外源性H₂S 处理显著增加了原代小鼠前脂肪细胞的脂肪生成。在脂肪生成的早
期阶段，H₂S增加细胞增殖并为细胞增生做好准备。H₂S处理10 d 后，前脂肪细胞的细胞表面积和直径明显增大，表明细胞肥大。虽然H₂S 刺激脂质积累和脂肪生成，但H₂S 对脂肪分解没有影响。随着营养过载和高葡萄糖/胰岛素孵化，H₂S 进一步刺激葡萄糖消耗并恶化脂肪细胞肥大。H₂S 上调增生基因[CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白（C/EBPβ）、细胞分裂周期25（Cdc25）、微染色体维持3（Mcm3）和细胞分裂周期（Cdc45）]和细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶2 蛋白（Cdk2），调节细胞增殖。H₂S 还上调了胰岛素受体β（Irβ）激活的丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）和蛋白激酶B（Akt）通路，从而导致脂肪生成。总之，H₂S 增加脂肪细胞分化、肥大和增生，提示它在肥胖症中起致病作用。

关键词：脂肪形成脂肪细胞气态递质葡萄糖硫化氢胰岛素脂质肥胖症

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Brown marine algae turbinaria conoides as biosorbent for Malachite green removal: Equilibrium and kinetic

R. RAJESH KANNAN, M. RAJASIMMAN, N. RAJAMOHAN, B. SIVAPRAKASH,

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第1期页码 116-122 doi: 10.1007/s11783-010-0006-7

摘要： In this study, the biosorption of Malachite green (MG) onto Turbinaria conoides, brown marine algae, was studied with respect to initial pH, temperature, initial dye concentration, and sorbent dosage. The optimum initial pH and temperature values for MG removal were found to be 8.0 and 30°C, respectively. Sorbent dosage was found to strongly influence the removal of MG. Equilibrium studies were carried out to test the validity of the Langmuir ( = 66.6 mg/g and = 0.526 mL mol/L) and the Freundlich ( = 1.826 and = 3.751 mg/g) isotherms. The kinetic studies indicated the validity of the pseudo first-order and second-order equation.

关键词： Malachite green (MG) Turbinaria conoides marine algae equilibrium studies biosorption

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Ablation of steroid receptor coactivator-3 in mice impairs adipogenesis and enhances energy expenditure

Ling-Yan XU PhD, Xin-Ran MA PhD, Xiao-Ying LI PhD, MD, Shu WANG PhD, Guang NING PhD, MD, Jie-Li LI PhD, Jian-Ming XU PhD,

《医学前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第2期页码 229-234 doi: 10.1007/s11684-010-0028-3

摘要： Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to an extent and may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy, impaired energy homeostasis and increased health problems. The p160 steroid receptor coactivator (SRC) gene family members have been suggested to be involved in energy homeostasis, but the impact of SRC-3 ablation on white and brown adipose tissue needs to be elucidated. In the current study, we collected data and carried out morphological studies on the effect of SRC-3 deficiency on white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). Primary cells were cultured to investigate the differentiation ability of both adipocytes. Western blot was applied to detect the expression of master genes governing adipogenesis and thermogenesis. We observed that SRC-3 mice were lean, with reduced WAT and decreased serum leptin levels, mainly due to the smaller white adipocyte size caused by impaired adipogenesis, presented by decreased peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) expression. In the BAT, the lipid droplets decreased significantly in SRC-3 mice as demonstrated by histological analysis and electron microscopic observation, which could be explained by enhanced thermogenesis. The expression of thermogenic marker gene PPAR coactivator 1α and uncoupling protein-1 increased in BAT of SRC-3 mice, which proved our observations. Collectively, these results demonstrate that SRC-3 plays a key role in adipogenesis and energy expenditure.

关键词： steroid receptor coactivator-3 white adipose tissue brown adipose tissue obesity adipocytes energy expenditure