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李国平,赵美,赵继云,张德生
《中国工程科学》 2011年 第13卷 第11期 页码 39-49
作为大功率刮板输送机的最有效的软启动装置之一,阀控充液型液力偶合器是目前制约我国大型刮板输送机的技术瓶颈。结合后部刮板输送机负载特性,提出了阀控偶合器性能需求,指出偶合器工作腔及控制阀组设计和制造等是阀控偶合器的技术关键。基于CFD方法优化设计了阀控偶合器腔型,采用单向流体—结构耦合(FSI)方法分析了泵轮强度,并对结构进行了优化,研制出高压外控型电液控制阀组,对无键连接轴超高压拆装、大型铜合金叶轮铸造等进行技术攻关,成功开发出1 000 kW阀控偶合器。试验表明所开发的偶合器控制阀组响应快速,偶合器整体
张宏伟,郭祎萍,牛志广,张丽
《中国工程科学》 2005年 第7卷 第7期 页码 71-75
提出了一个通过管网水力计算在管网中实现自控阀合理布置的方法。将自控阀的局部水头损失引入管网水力计算当中,计算自控阀在每个管段不同开启度条件下对管网压力变化的影响程度,提出管网影响度的概念。并以实例管网进行验证,得出了自控阀在管网中合理布置的一般原则。研究证明,该方法具有实用、简便、易于操作等特点,非常有利于在供水企业中的应用。
代谢组扩展生物学的“旁中心法则”——对理解基因组学-糖组学-代谢组学-表观基因组学互作的意义
Albert Stuart Reece
《工程(英文)》 2023年 第26卷 第7期 页码 16-16 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.07.011
The central dogma of biology holds that the transcription of DNA into RNA and the translation of RNA into proteins forms the primary axis of biological activity [1]. Following major advances in the description of the complex glycan and lipid chains that are added onto these basic building blocks, the glycome and lipidome have recently been added to this doctrine as an exciting new extension named the ‘‘paracentral dogma” [2]. However, it has been pointed out that biological systems can include many layers, which are described in modern omics technology platforms relating to both cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic layers of control, including metabolomic, microbiomic, immunological, epigenomic, epitranscriptomic, proteomic and phosphoproteomic layers [3].
It is well known that stem and progenitor cells have a metabolism that is based on glycolysis and glutaminolysis [4]. Although this provides less energy to the cell than oxidative phosphorylation, it suffices for these cells’ needs, since such cells are generally relatively quiescent and normally suppress energy-intensive processes such as genome duplication and transcription. Moreover, it has been shown that the high intracellular lactate levels involved in such states not only inhibits the key gatekeeper enzymes of oxidative phosphorylation (i.e., pyruvate dehydrogenase and carnitine palmitoyl acyltransferase) but also actually covalently modifies them by lactylation in order to maintain this inhibited metabolic–epigenomic state [5]. In addition, intermediate metabolism and nutrients are the source of the very extensive library of post-translational modifications to DNA, RNA, and proteins, as well as supplying cellular energy for many of the required reactions. Hence, the metabolic state locks in and reinforces the epigenomic state, and the metabolome and epigenome thereby play mutually reinforcing roles. This self-reinforcing coordination explains why it is so difficult to generate induced pluripotent cells and is a contributory explanation for why the described protocols typically have such low cellular yields.
These concepts become even more important when it is considered that cancer cells are de-differentiated, similarly rely on glycolysis and glutaminolysis, and are similarly metabolically–epigenomically–genomically synchronized. The disruption of this metabolic system is a key focus of mechanistic cancer research.
These important considerations imply that the descriptive and predictive power of the newly described ‘‘paracentral dogma” of biology may be usefully and meaningfully extended by including the metabolome, along with the genome, transcriptome, proteome, glycome, and lipidome, to describe cell-intrinsic regulation—not only in terms of another omics analytical layer but also as a fully predictive and interactive partner in the symphonic-like multilayer coordination that evidently comprises cellular regulatory layering.
范学良,程晓舫,许军
《中国工程科学》 2004年 第6卷 第6期 页码 57-62
李炜
《中国工程科学》 2002年 第4卷 第1期 页码 82-88
概述了组播路由协议。分析了协议独立的组播路由一稀疏模式(PIM-SM)的缺陷,提出多个会聚 点(RPs)的PIM-SM的改进机制。分析了 PIM-SM实现细 节和组播技术的前景。
人类蛋白质N-糖基化的十二年全基因组关联研究 Review
Anna Timoshchuk, Sodbo Sharapov, Yurii S. Aulchenko
《工程(英文)》 2023年 第26卷 第7期 页码 17-31 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.03.013
Most human-secreted and membrane-bound proteins have covalently attached oligosaccharide chains, or glycans. Glycosylation influences the physical and chemical properties of proteins, as well as their biological functions. Unsurprisingly, alterations in protein glycosylation have been implicated in a growing number of human diseases, and glycans are increasingly being considered as potential therapeutic targets, an essential part of therapeutics, and biomarkers. Although glycosylation pathways are biochemically well-studied, little is known about the networks of genes that guide the cell- and tissue-specific regulation of these biochemical reactions in humans in vivo. The lack of a detailed understanding of the mechanisms regulating glycome variation and linking the glycome to human health and disease is slowing progress in clinical applications of human glycobiology. Two of the tools that can provide much sought-after knowledge of human in vivo glycobiology are human genetics and genomics, which offer a powerful data-driven agnostic approach for dissecting the biology of complex traits. This review summarizes the current state of human populational glycogenomics. In Section 1, we provide a brief overview of the N-glycan's structural organization, and in Section 2, we give a description of the major blood plasma glycoproteins. Next, in Section 3, we summarize, systemize, and generalize the results from current N-glycosylation genome-wide association studies (GWASs) that provide novel knowledge of the genetic regulation of the populational variation of glycosylation. Until now, such studies have been limited to an analysis of the human blood plasma N-glycome and the N-glycosylation of immunoglobulin G and transferrin. While these three glycomes make up a rather limited set compared with the enormous multitude of glycomes of different tissues and glycoproteins, the study of these three does allow for powerful analysis and generalization. Finally, in Section 4, we turn to genes in the established loci, paying particular attention to genes with strong support in Section 5. At the end of the review, in Sections 6 and 7, we describe special cases of interest in light of new discoveries, focusing on possible mechanisms of action and biological targets of genetic variation that have been implicated in human protein N-glycosylation.
姚洪伟,王浚
《中国工程科学》 2006年 第8卷 第6期 页码 44-47
提出了针对环境控制系统特点的脉宽-模糊复合控制方案;使用Matlab软件的Fuzzy工具箱和Simulink工具箱,建立了脉宽调节、PID控制、模糊控制和复合控制等4种控制模型,其中模糊控制模型以混合后的温度与基准温度之间的偏差及其变化率为输入,通过模糊推理得到控制信号;输入温度阶跃信号对该4个控制模型的阶跃响应特性进行了计算和分析;选取一组动态参数作为输入对复合控制模型的动态响应进行仿真计算,结果表明,复合控制系统有效解决了现有脉宽调节系统的温度波动问题
李运华,杨桂林
《中国工程科学》 2005年 第7卷 第9期 页码 25-29
简要综述了工程机械中控制与操纵系统的发展历程和关键技术;提出了基于现场总线控制的网络控制实现功率传输和运动控制与综合的新方案;以应用于上海磁悬浮铁路工程轨道梁搬运的工程机械的计算机控制系统为例,讨论了基于现场总线控制系统(FCS)和PC104车载工控机的车辆计算机网络控制系统的设计方法和控制策略;研究结果为大型车辆与工程机械的控制与操纵提供了新的实现途径。
宿主微生物组内的基因组突变——适应性进化或净化选择 Review
张家超, Rob Knight
《工程(英文)》 2023年 第20卷 第1期 页码 96-102 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.11.018
二代测序技术转变了人们评估宿主相关微生物区系和微生物组的分类组成功能的能力。未来10 年将会开展更多的人类微生物组研究,特别是那些探索微生物组内基因组突变的研究。本文聚焦于微生物组内菌株之间的共同进化,塑造了宿主肠道微生物种内和种间的菌株水平多样性。还探讨了微生物基因组突变与常见代谢疾病之间的关联,以及病原体和益生菌在入侵和定植过程中的适应性进化。最后,讨论了注释和分析微生物基因组突变方法和算法的研究进展。
先进控制方法在航天器上的应用:进展、挑战和未来发展 Review
Yong-chun XIE,Huang HUANG,Yong HU,Guo-qi ZHANG
《信息与电子工程前沿(英文)》 2016年 第17卷 第9期 页码 841-861 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1601063
关键词: 航天器控制;鲁棒控制自适应控制;最优控制
程金,张承慧,夏东伟
《中国工程科学》 2003年 第5卷 第9期 页码 78-81
根据模糊控制理论和实际工程经验,设计了一个控制规则能够自调整的模糊控制器,详细介绍了该模糊控制器的控制原理和运行机制,并作出了仿真。该模糊控制器控制精度高,动态和稳态性能均优于传统的PID和基本模糊控制器,且具有较好的鲁棒性和抗扰动能力。仿真和工程实践证明,该模糊控制器具有简便、稳定的优点,且易于工程实现,具有较高的工程应用价值。
通过原位观察揭示人体肠道微生物组的重建和动态变化 Article
刘小林, 戴敏, Yue Ma, 赵娜, Ziyu Wang, Ying Yu, Yakun Xu, Huijie Zhang, Liyuan Xiang, He Tian, 税光厚, 张发明, 王军
《工程(英文)》 2022年 第15卷 第8期 页码 89-101 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.03.015
人体肠道微生物组主要通过使用粪便样本进行研究,这种做法已经得到了关于胃肠道微生物群落的组成和功能的重要知识。在我们的研究中,我们利用结肠途径经内镜肠内导管(一种最初为粪便微生物群移植开发的技术)每天两次对回盲部微生物组进行采样;然后对这些样品进行宏基因组和宏转录组学分析。在5 名志愿者中分析的回盲部和粪便微生物组被发现在宏基因组分析中相似,但它们的活性基因(宏转录组)被发现高度不同。两种微生物组在泻药暴露后都受到干扰;随着时间的推移,它们表现出与治疗前状态的差异减少,从而证明了作为肠道微生物组的先天特性——恢复力,尽管它们在我们的观察时间窗口内没有完全恢复。粪便和尿液样本中的代谢组学分析反映出了肠道微生物组的扰动和恢复,表明肠道微生物组对参与宿主健康的诸多关键代谢物的重要贡献。
郑桦,丛爽
《中国工程科学》 2008年 第10卷 第10期 页码 91-95
探讨了点位控制在二自由度机械臂网络远程控制中的问题,将连续轨迹控制应用到基于关节坐标空间的机器人控制系统中,分析了在远程操控环境中实现连续轨迹控制所需要满足的条件,给出了最佳合成速度的求法,并进行了实际系统的远程控制实验,在期望时间内实现了连续、平滑的运动效果,证实了在网络远程系统的控制中采用连续轨迹控制能够获得更高的精度。
于梅春,张登春
《中国工程科学》 2006年 第8卷 第7期 页码 83-88
分别采用模糊控制方法与常规PID控制方法,对空调客车内温度控制系统进行了仿真研究。仿真结果表明,PID控制能消除稳态误差,但超调大,过渡时间长,在工况变化较小的情况下,能满足一定的控温要求;对于对象延迟、工况变化较大的场合,模糊控制能实时跟踪空调工况变化,较快地达到控温目标值,节能率高,综合控制效果比PID要好。
标题 作者 时间 类型 操作
通过原位观察揭示人体肠道微生物组的重建和动态变化
刘小林, 戴敏, Yue Ma, 赵娜, Ziyu Wang, Ying Yu, Yakun Xu, Huijie Zhang, Liyuan Xiang, He Tian, 税光厚, 张发明, 王军
期刊论文